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Radiation Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Essential functions of the cell

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Growth
Repair

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2
Q

Humans contain how many cells?

A

60-100 trillion

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3
Q

What is the order starting from cells of organization

A 
Cells
Tissues
Organs
System
Organism
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4
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

Living content of a cell that is surrounded by plasma membrane.
Water makes up 75-80% of protoplasm

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5
Q

Critical functions of water

A 
Solvent
Transport medium
Lubrication of joints/digestive tract
Regulates temperature
Cushions organs
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6
Q

4 major classes of organic compounds

A

Protein
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acid

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7
Q

Proteins

A

Make up 15% of cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Found in hair, nails, cartilage

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8
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Assist in growth

Tissue repair, and tissue reproduction

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9
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

Proteins also make what?

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Controls chemical reactions in cells.
Catalysts: make reaction happen
Provide energy, make new cell parts and control chemical reactions

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12
Q

Lipids

A

2% of the cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Aka fats

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13
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage, insulation, aid in digestion, lubricate joints

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14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1% of the cell

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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15
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Major energy source

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16
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar,

Glucose and fructose

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17
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugar molecules,

Table sugar lactose

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chains of carbohydrates

Pasta, starch

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19
Q

Nucleic acids

A

10% of cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
Made from thousands of nucleotides

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20
Q

Purines

A

Alanine, guanine

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21
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

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22
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Mineral sales:
Sodium outside of the cell to keep cell from bursting
Potassium inside the cell prevents cell from collapsing

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23
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separates outside from inside, protect cell from other cells

Composed of double layer of lipids and proteins

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Watery solution between cell membrane and nucleus

Composed of all cell components.

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25
Q

Metabolism

A

Combination of Anabolism and metabolism

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26
Q

Centrosome

A

Circular body that holds the centrioles

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27
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylindrical organelles,

Create spindle fibers for mitosis

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28
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Tubular network from nuclear membrane to cell membrane

Can be a protein storage area

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29
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes here

Ribosomes make proteins

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30
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes

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31
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power house of cell,
Oval/rod shaped
Create energy in form of ATP

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32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Discovered in 1898
Series of flat membranous layers
Creates carbohydrates, combines them with protein then exports them
A dynamo in gastric cells, salivary glands, pancreatic glands

33
Q

Lysosomes

A

Suicide bags
Contain digestive enzymes for cell
Clean up old cell parts
If lysosomes bursts, results in cell death

34
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center for cell division and metabolism
Contains DNA and proteins
Surrounded by nuclear membrane which s contiguous with ER

35
Q

What type of DNA is in the nucleus?

A

Chromatin: uncoiled chromosomes
Chromosomes: DNA tightly coiled
We can only see chromosomes

36
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small dense sphere in the nucleus of the cell

Contains RNA which synthesizes proteins for the cell

37
Q

DNA

A

Double helix
A goes with T
C goes with G

38
Q

RNA

A

Produced in the nucleus, functions in the cytoplasm
A goes with U
C goes with G

39
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

Carries protein synthesis code to the ribosomes

40
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Carries amino acids to ribosomes

41
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

Helps mRNA link to ribosome

42
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cell in the body except reproductive cells

Diploid: 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells

43
Q

Chromosomes are only visible when

A

Cell division

44
Q

Germ cells

A

Reproductive cells

Haploid: 23 total chromosomes

45
Q

Interphase

A

Biggest phase
Nondividing segment of mitosis
3 parts G1, S, G2.

46
Q

G1

A

Cell operating under normal conditions, everything routine

47
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis phase, DNA starts replicating

Chromatic starting to coil into chromosomes

48
Q

G2

A

Growth preparing for mitosis

Heading toward prophase

49
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes fully condense
Centrioles make fibers and pull them across cell
Nuclear membrane is breaking down

50
Q

Metaphase

A

Paired chromosomes line up along equator

Centromeres divide

51
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes split

Move to opposite poles of cell

52
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes unravel as they approach their pole

Nuclear membrane starts to form around each new set of chromosomes

53
Q

How many times is DNA replicated in meiosis?

A

Once during interphase

54
Q

When in the cell cycle is the most radiosensitive

A

Passage from G1 to S phase

Metaphase

55
Q

When in the cell cycle is considered the most radioresistant?

A

Mid to late S phase

56
Q

What is more radiosensitive than cytoplasm?

A

The nucleus

57
Q

What is the most radiosensitive part of the cell?

A

DNA

58
Q

Which cells are highly sensitive?

A

Lymphocytes
Spermatogonia
Erythroblasts
Intestinal crypt cells

59
Q

Cells that are moderately sensitive

A

Endothelial cells
Osteoblasts
Spermatid
Fibroblasts

60
Q

Cells that have low sensitivity

A

Muscle cells
Nerve cells
Chondrocytes

61
Q

Irradiation has 3 possible effects:

A

Slowing down of mitosis
Interphase death
Cell death

62
Q

LET

A

Measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as ionizing radiation travels through matter
EM has low LET
Particulate radiation has high LET

63
Q

The higher the LET

A

The higher the possibility of biological damage

64
Q

Relative biologic effectiveness

A

Comparison of a dose of test radiation to a dose of 250 keV X-rays
Used to compare two types of radiations

65
Q

RBE is affected by

A

Radiation type
Cell
Dose rate

66
Q

Oxygen enhancement ratio

A

Way to compare the effect of biologic damage under anoxic and aerobic conditions

67
Q

Why does oxygen increase radiosensitivity?

A

Oxygen is needed for free radicals to form during ionization of water
Free radicals help to form hydrogen peroxide which causes cell damage

68
Q

OER

A

Dose with no oxygen/ dose with oxygen

69
Q

OER is more pronounced with

A

Low LET

70
Q

Free radical

A

Single atom or molecule that has an unpaired electron in the outer shell.
Highly reactive and chemically unstable
Able to diffuse through a cell
Life span less than 1 millisecond

71
Q

Main chain scission

A

Thread of backbone of a king chain molecule is broken into smaller parts

72
Q

Cross linking

A

When macromolecules are broken and the ends become stick.

These ends can attach to other macromolecules or itself

73
Q

Point lesions

A

Slight changes
Involves a single chemical bond
May or may not cause alteration T the normal function of the cell

74
Q

In diagnostic imaging we are mostly concerned with which curve

A

Linear no threshold dose response curve

75
Q

What does a sigmoid graph show

A

Dose going up but response stays the same

76
Q

Linear

A

Response is directly proportional

77
Q

Threshold

A

Assumes a radiation level below which no effects observed

Short term somatic effects

78
Q

Non threshold

A

Any dose could have observed effects

Cancer and genetic effects

79
Q

Target theory

A

If critical component is damage or inactivated in the cell when irradiated the cell will die
DNA is target molecule
Interaction with DNA is random

Radiation Biology (4 decks)

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