Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Radiation Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Essential functions of the cell

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Growth
Repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Humans contain how many cells?

A

60-100 trillion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the order starting from cells of organization

A 
Cells
Tissues
Organs
System
Organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

Living content of a cell that is surrounded by plasma membrane.
Water makes up 75-80% of protoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Critical functions of water

A 
Solvent
Transport medium
Lubrication of joints/digestive tract
Regulates temperature
Cushions organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 major classes of organic compounds

A

Protein
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Proteins

A

Make up 15% of cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Found in hair, nails, cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Assist in growth

Tissue repair, and tissue reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Proteins also make what?

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Controls chemical reactions in cells.
Catalysts: make reaction happen
Provide energy, make new cell parts and control chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lipids

A

2% of the cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Aka fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage, insulation, aid in digestion, lubricate joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1% of the cell

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Major energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar,

Glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugar molecules,

Table sugar lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chains of carbohydrates

Pasta, starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nucleic acids

A

10% of cell
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
Made from thousands of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Purines

A

Alanine, guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Mineral sales:
Sodium outside of the cell to keep cell from bursting
Potassium inside the cell prevents cell from collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separates outside from inside, protect cell from other cells

Composed of double layer of lipids and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Watery solution between cell membrane and nucleus

Composed of all cell components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Metabolism

A

Combination of Anabolism and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Centrosome

A

Circular body that holds the centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylindrical organelles,

Create spindle fibers for mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Tubular network from nuclear membrane to cell membrane

Can be a protein storage area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes here

Ribosomes make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power house of cell,
Oval/rod shaped
Create energy in form of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Discovered in 1898
Series of flat membranous layers
Creates carbohydrates, combines them with protein then exports them
A dynamo in gastric cells, salivary glands, pancreatic glands

33
Q

Lysosomes

A

Suicide bags
Contain digestive enzymes for cell
Clean up old cell parts
If lysosomes bursts, results in cell death

34
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center for cell division and metabolism
Contains DNA and proteins
Surrounded by nuclear membrane which s contiguous with ER

35
Q

What type of DNA is in the nucleus?

A

Chromatin: uncoiled chromosomes
Chromosomes: DNA tightly coiled
We can only see chromosomes

36
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small dense sphere in the nucleus of the cell

Contains RNA which synthesizes proteins for the cell

37
Q

DNA

A

Double helix
A goes with T
C goes with G

38
Q

RNA

A

Produced in the nucleus, functions in the cytoplasm
A goes with U
C goes with G

39
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

Carries protein synthesis code to the ribosomes

40
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Carries amino acids to ribosomes

41
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

Helps mRNA link to ribosome

42
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cell in the body except reproductive cells

Diploid: 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells

43
Q

Chromosomes are only visible when

A

Cell division

44
Q

Germ cells

A

Reproductive cells

Haploid: 23 total chromosomes

45
Q

Interphase

A

Biggest phase
Nondividing segment of mitosis
3 parts G1, S, G2.

46
Q

G1

A

Cell operating under normal conditions, everything routine

47
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis phase, DNA starts replicating

Chromatic starting to coil into chromosomes

48
Q

G2

A

Growth preparing for mitosis

Heading toward prophase

49
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes fully condense
Centrioles make fibers and pull them across cell
Nuclear membrane is breaking down

50
Q

Metaphase

A

Paired chromosomes line up along equator

Centromeres divide

51
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes split

Move to opposite poles of cell

52
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes unravel as they approach their pole

Nuclear membrane starts to form around each new set of chromosomes

53
Q

How many times is DNA replicated in meiosis?

A

Once during interphase

54
Q

When in the cell cycle is the most radiosensitive

A

Passage from G1 to S phase

Metaphase

55
Q

When in the cell cycle is considered the most radioresistant?

A

Mid to late S phase

56
Q

What is more radiosensitive than cytoplasm?

A

The nucleus

57
Q

What is the most radiosensitive part of the cell?

58
Q

Which cells are highly sensitive?

A

Lymphocytes
Spermatogonia
Erythroblasts
Intestinal crypt cells

59
Q

Cells that are moderately sensitive

A

Endothelial cells
Osteoblasts
Spermatid
Fibroblasts

60
Q

Cells that have low sensitivity

A

Muscle cells
Nerve cells
Chondrocytes

61
Q

Irradiation has 3 possible effects:

A

Slowing down of mitosis
Interphase death
Cell death

62
Q

LET

A

Measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as ionizing radiation travels through matter
EM has low LET
Particulate radiation has high LET

63
Q

The higher the LET

A

The higher the possibility of biological damage

64
Q

Relative biologic effectiveness

A

Comparison of a dose of test radiation to a dose of 250 keV X-rays
Used to compare two types of radiations

65
Q

RBE is affected by

A

Radiation type
Cell
Dose rate

66
Q

Oxygen enhancement ratio

A

Way to compare the effect of biologic damage under anoxic and aerobic conditions

67
Q

Why does oxygen increase radiosensitivity?

A

Oxygen is needed for free radicals to form during ionization of water
Free radicals help to form hydrogen peroxide which causes cell damage

68
Q

OER

A

Dose with no oxygen/ dose with oxygen

69
Q

OER is more pronounced with

70
Q

Free radical

A

Single atom or molecule that has an unpaired electron in the outer shell.
Highly reactive and chemically unstable
Able to diffuse through a cell
Life span less than 1 millisecond

71
Q

Main chain scission

A

Thread of backbone of a king chain molecule is broken into smaller parts

72
Q

Cross linking

A

When macromolecules are broken and the ends become stick.

These ends can attach to other macromolecules or itself

73
Q

Point lesions

A

Slight changes
Involves a single chemical bond
May or may not cause alteration T the normal function of the cell

74
Q

In diagnostic imaging we are mostly concerned with which curve

A

Linear no threshold dose response curve

75
Q

What does a sigmoid graph show

A

Dose going up but response stays the same

76
Q

Linear

A

Response is directly proportional

77
Q

Threshold

A

Assumes a radiation level below which no effects observed

Short term somatic effects

78
Q

Non threshold

A

Any dose could have observed effects

Cancer and genetic effects

79
Q

Target theory

A

If critical component is damage or inactivated in the cell when irradiated the cell will die
DNA is target molecule
Interaction with DNA is random

Radiation Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions