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Higher Chemistry > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are esters formed

A

A condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylate acid

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2
Q

What is the reaction creating waters called

A

Esterification

Condensation

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3
Q

Finish the reaction

Alkanol + alkanoic acid —–>

A

Ester + water

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4
Q

For which compounds are the H20 taken from in esterification

A

H from alkanol

OH from alkanoic acid

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5
Q

What is the name of an esters functional group

A

Ester group

Ester linkage

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6
Q

What is the ending to the name of an ester

A

Oate

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7
Q

Describe where the name of an ester comes from

A

First part comes from the name of the alcohol

The second part comes from the name of the carboxylic acid

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8
Q

Which to compounds create methyl butanoate

A

Methanol and butanoic acid

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9
Q

Describe some of the properties of an ester

A

Strong sweet smelling

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10
Q

What are esters used for

A

Fragrances
Flavourings
Solvents

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11
Q

Are esters polar or non polar

A

They are not very polar

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12
Q

Can ester dissolve in water

A

No

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13
Q

Are the bp of esters high or low

A

Low

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14
Q

Are esters organic

A

Yes

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15
Q

Which two functional groups do alcohols and carboxylic acid join by to make an ester

A

Hydroxyl group of the alcohol and the carboxyl group of the acid

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16
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

A reaction which two reactant molecules join with the elimination of a small molecule which is usually, but not always, water

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17
Q

Is condensation reversible

A

Yes

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18
Q

What catalyst can be added to esterification

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid

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19
Q

Why is concentrated sulphuric acid a good catalyst for an esterification reaction

A

It provides hydrogen ions and absorbs the water formed in the reaction and so encourages more alcohol and carboxylic acid to react

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20
Q

What is the process which esters are broken down

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q

What catalyst can be used to hydrolyse esterification

A

Sodium hydroxide + heat

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22
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

A reaction where a molecule reacts with water and breaks down into smaller molecules

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23
Q

Edible fats and oils are ………. occurring compounds

A

Naturally

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24
Q

Name the tree different sources of fats and oils

A

Animal
Vegetable
Marine

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25
Q

Edible fats and oils are esters

True or false

A

True

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26
Q

How are fats and oils made

A

Condensation reactions between the alcohol glycerol and carboxylic acids fatty acids

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27
Q

What is the name of a compound with three hydroxyl groups

A

A triol

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28
Q

What is the systematic name for glycerol

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol

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29
Q

What happens to the name of an alcohol when it contains two or more hydroxyl groups

A

The parent alkane name is used in full (including the -e)

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30
Q

What are fatty acids

A

Straight chain carboxylic acids

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31
Q

What is an unsaturated compound

A

Compounds that contain at least one C=C

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32
Q

Fatty acids can only be saturated true or false

A

False

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33
Q

How many fatty acids will glycerol condense with

A

3

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34
Q

What’s an ester formed from glycerol called

A

A glyceride

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35
Q

What are the esters in fats and oils called

A

Triglycerides

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36
Q

Which decolourises bromine quicker fats or oils

A

Oils

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37
Q

What does a fast reaction with bromine indicate

A

A degree of unsaturation

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38
Q

What states are fats and oil usually at room temperature

A

Oils are usually liquid and fats are usually solid

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39
Q

Why do oils have a lowering mp than fats

A

They have more c=c which distorts their shape and therefore molecules cannot pack closely together and so LDF between oil molecules are weaker

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40
Q

What are the uses of fats to our bodies

A

Concentrated source of energy which is more a long term energy source
Transport and storage of fat soluble vitamins
Supply the body with essential fatty acids

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41
Q

Where are proteins found

A

In all living cells

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42
Q

What are proteins used for in the body

A

Major structural materials
Enzymes
Hormones
(Maintenance and regulation of life processes)

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43
Q

What are proteins made of

A

Amino acids

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44
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

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45
Q

What elements do amino acids contain

A

Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Oxygen

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46
Q

What is the amino group

A

NH3

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47
Q

What two functional groups do amino acids contain

A

Amino group

Carboxyl group

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48
Q

What is a carboxyl group

A

COOH

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49
Q

What is the name of the reaction in which proteins are made from amino acids

A

Condensation

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50
Q

How do amino acids link together

A

The carboxyl group of one amino acid molecule and the amino group on the neighbouring amino acid molecule join together with the elimination of water

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51
Q

What is the amide/peptide link

A 
I
C=O
I
N-H
I
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52
Q

What is the name of the molecule when three amino acids are condensed together

A

Tripeptide

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53
Q

What is the name of the molecule when a large number of amino acids condense

A

Polypeptide

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54
Q

What is the full name of the reaction forming proteins

A

Condensation polymerisation

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55
Q

What happens to proteins during digestion

A

They are broken down into amino acids

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56
Q

How are proteins broken down

A

React with water and undergo hydrolysis

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57
Q

Plants cannot synthesise all the amino acids that they need

True or false

A

False

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58
Q

What are essential amino acids

A

Amino acids which cannot be synthesised by animals

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59
Q

How do animals obtain essential amino acids

A

By hydrolysing the plant or animal proteins that we eat

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60
Q

During digestion where do the hydrolysed proteins go?

A

The amino acids pass into our blood stream and are carried to various sites in our bodies where they reassemble into specific proteins that we need

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61
Q

What percentage roughly of amino acids are essential amino acids

A

50%

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62
Q

Where in our bodies can flavours be detected

A

Tongue and nose

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63
Q

What are humans basic tastes

A 
Sweet 
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Savoury
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64
Q

How does the nose detect flavourings

A

Smells and aromas when gaseous molecules from volatile molecules trigger receptors in the nose

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65
Q

What does the volatility of a compound depend on

A

The strength of the intermolecular forces

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66
Q

If intermolecular forces are weak the molecule will be more volatile
True or false

A

True

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67
Q

Describe the bp of a very volatile compound

A

Very low

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68
Q

What flavour is limonene responsible for

A

Oranges

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69
Q

The presence of hydroxyl groups suggest what type of bonding

A

Hydrogen bonding

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70
Q

Does presence of a hydroxyl group indicate polarity

A

Yes

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71
Q

The presence of functional groups suggests the presence of what attractions

A

Permanent dipole- permanent dipole

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72
Q

What volatility will compounds that are hydrogen bonded have

A

Less volatile

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73
Q

What influences what a food is cooked in

A

The presence of functional groups
Their solubility
So that the flavours do not escape

74
Q

What should a polar flavouring be cooked in

A

Oil

75
Q

What should a non polar flavouring be cooked in

A

Water

76
Q

What is the polarity of peptide links

A

Polar

77
Q

Name two types of protein and give an example of each

A

Fibrous- collagen

Globular- enzymes

78
Q

What determine the temperature that meat is cooked at

A

How much protein is found in the tissues

79
Q

Why do different meats need to be cooked at different temperatures

A

To retain their different textures

80
Q

What bonds of proteins does heat break

A

Hydrogen bonds keeping their shape

81
Q

What is the name given to proteins which have been damaged whilst heating

A

Denatured

82
Q

What are common flavouring compounds

A

Aldehydes

Ketones

83
Q

What functional groups do aldehydes and ketones contain

A

Carbonyl

84
Q

What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone

A

Aldehyde- there is always a hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl group
Ketone- two carbons bonded to the carbonyl group

85
Q

What is the simplest member of the aldehyde series

A

Methanal

86
Q

What is the simplest member of the ketone series

A

Propanone

87
Q

How do you identify the name of an aldehyde and a ketone

A

Aldehyde- “-al”

Ketone- “-one”

88
Q

Is the number of the carbon which the carbonyl group is bonded to necessary in the name of an aldehyde

A

No, it is always at the end of the carbon chain

89
Q

Can aldehyde and ketones be oxidised

A

Aldehydes yes

Ketones resist mild oxidation

90
Q

What can aldehyde oxidise to

A

Carboxylic acids

91
Q

What happens to the aldehyde molecules when it is oxidised

A

An oxygen is inserted into the C-H bond attached to the carbonyl group

92
Q

Why can’t a ketone be oxidised

A

It doesn’t have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group

93
Q

Name 4 oxidising agents

A

Copper(II) oxide
Acidified potassium dichromate
Fehlings solution
Tollens solution

94
Q

What is the colour change when copper(II) oxide is reduced

A

Black to brown

95
Q

What is the colour change when acidified potassium dichromate is reduced

A

Orange to Blue/green

96
Q

What is the colour change when Fehlings solution is reduced

A

Blue to brick red

97
Q

What is the colour change when Tollens solution is reduced

A

Clear/colourless to silver mirror

98
Q

What happens to the oxygen to hydrogen ratio during oxidation

A

Increase

99
Q

What happens when food is exposed to the air

A

It oxidises and spoils

100
Q

What functional group do the alcohols contain

A

Hydroxyl group

101
Q

How do you recognises an alcohol from its name

A

The “-ol” ending

102
Q

When an alcohol contains two hydroxyl groups what is the name given to it

A

Diol

103
Q

What is the polarity of alcohols and why

A

Polar due to the presence of the hydroxyl group which allows hydrogen bonds to form

104
Q

What are the three structural types of alcohols

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

105
Q

Describe primary alcohols

A

Hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom with at least two hydrogen atoms

106
Q

Describe a secondary alcohol

A

Hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom attached to one hydrogen atom

107
Q

Describe a tertiary alcohol

A

Hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon with no hydrogen atoms attached

108
Q

Describe the steps in the oxidisation of primary alcohols

A

Primary alcohols
Aldehydes
Carboxylic acids

109
Q

Deacons the steps in the oxidisation of a secondary alcohol

A

Secondary alcohol

Ketone

110
Q

Describe the steps of the oxidisation of a tertiary alcohol

A

Resists mild oxidation

111
Q

What does an increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio mean

A

The addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen

112
Q

What happens in the first stage of oxidising a primary alcohol

A

Two hydrogen atoms are removed to produce an aldehyde

113
Q

What happens in the second stage of oxidising a primary alcohol

A

Oxygen is added to the aldehyde

114
Q

What happens when a secondary alcohol is oxidised

A

Two hydrogen atoms are removed to produce a ketone

115
Q

What are needed for the oxidisation of an alcohol to occur

A

Oxidising agent

116
Q

What functional groups do carboxylic acids contain

A

Carboxyl group

117
Q

What two functional groups are carboxyl groups made of

A

A carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group

118
Q

How can you recognise a carboxylic acid from its name

A

The “-oic acid” ending

119
Q

What are isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

120
Q

What other group of compounds are isomers to carboxylic acids

A

Esters

121
Q

What is the reverse reaction to oxidising

A

Reducing

122
Q

What are the steps of reduction of a carboxylic acid

A

Carboxylic acid
Aldehyde
Primary alcohol

123
Q

What are the steps of the reduction of a ketone

A

Ketone

Secondary alcohol

124
Q

What is the effect of reduction in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

A

Decrease

125
Q

What type of reaction is it when a carboxylic acids reacts with

1) some metals
2) alkalis
3) carbonates
4) metal oxides

A

1) redox
2) neutralisation
3) neutralisation
4) neutralisation

126
Q

What type of reaction do foods undergo when they react with the air and spoil

A

Oxidation

127
Q

How can you prevent oxidation

A

Antioxidants

128
Q

What is an antioxidant

A

A compound easily oxidised itself that it protects other compounds from being oxidised

129
Q

Ascorbic acid is an example of what

A

An antioxidant

130
Q

What is produced when one mole of fat or oil is hydrolysed

A

One mole of glycerol

Three miles of fatty acids

131
Q

What catalyst is used in the manufacture of soaps

A

Sodium (or potassium) hydroxide solution

132
Q

What does the alkali catalyst do in the production of soaps

A

Catalysed the hydrolysis reaction and then neutralises the fatty acids to form the sodium (or potassium) salts

133
Q

What chemicals are needed to produce a soap

A

Fats and oils

Sodium hydroxide catalyst

134
Q

What is the structure of a soap

A

Hydrophobic tail

Hydrophilic head

135
Q

What is the polarity of the head of a soap

A

Ionic as it is soluble in water

136
Q

What is the polarity of the tail of the soap

A

Non polar as it is insoluble in water

137
Q

Where do the heads and tails go of a soap when washing grease off a plate in water

A

Hydrophobic tails bury themselves in the grease while the hydrophilic heads remain in the water

138
Q

How do soaps prevent grease droplets from joining together

A

The head of each soap is negatively charged and so the grease droplets repel each other

139
Q

Are detergents synthetic or naturally occurring

A

Synthetic

140
Q

Detergents are usually derived from crude oil

True or false

A

True

141
Q

Describe the structure of a detergent molecule

A

Long non-polar hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic) and an ionic head (hydrophilic)

142
Q

What is the advantage of detergents over soaps

A

When soaps react with hard water they form insoluble salts known as scum whereas with detergents no scum is formed

143
Q

What is hard water

A

Water which contains either calcium ions and/or magnesium ions

144
Q

What is an emulsion

A

A mixture of liquids where one liquid is dispersed throughout the other
Not a solution

145
Q

What is used to prevent emulsions

A

Emulsifiers

146
Q

Describe the structure of an emulsifier

A

Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

147
Q

What are emulsifiers made of

A

Glycerides

Esters of glycerol and fatty acids

148
Q

Describe what is meant by a

1) monoglyceride
2) diglyceride
3) triglyceride

A

1) contains one fatty acid linked to a glycerol
2) contains two fatty acids linked to a glycerol
3) contains three fatty acids linked to a glycerol

149
Q

Are emulsifiers

a) monoglycerides
b) diglycerides
c) triglycerides
d) any of the above
e) just monoglycerides and diglycerides

A

e)

150
Q

What makes the heads of molecules hydrophilic

A

The hydroxyl group

151
Q

How do emulsifiers work

A

Prevent the oil and water from separating

152
Q

Why can triglycerides not act as emulsifiers

A

They do not contain any hydroxyl groups which allow them to dissolve in water

153
Q

What are essential oils

A

Concentrated extracts of volatile compounds from plants that have pleasant aromas and are insoluble in water

154
Q

How are essential oils extracted from plants

A

Steam distillation

155
Q

Where are essential oils used

A 
Perfumes
Cosmetics
Foods
Cleaning products 
Solvents
Alternative medicines
156
Q

What are the most important and abundant constituent of essential oils

A

Terpenes

157
Q

What are oxygen containing terpenes called

A

Terpenoids

158
Q

The skeletons of terpenes molecules usually contain …… atoms in multiples of……

A

Carbon

Five

159
Q

What is the building block of terpenes

A

Isoprene

160
Q

What is the molecular formula for isoprene

A

C5H8

161
Q

What is the systematic name for isoprene

A

2-methlybuta-1,3-diene

162
Q

What is the one of the simplest terpenes

A

Myrcene

163
Q

What are the key components of essential oils

A

Terpenes and terpenoids

164
Q

What are edible oils

A

Found in plants and are made of triglycerides

165
Q

What are mineral oils

A

Derived from crude oil and contain long chain alkanes

166
Q

What is ultraviolet light

A

Makes up part of sunlight and is a high energy form of radiation

167
Q

What can UV light do to skin

A

Break chemical bonds in molecules leading to reactions which destroy skin tissue

168
Q

What do sun block products contain

A

Zinc oxide

Titanium dioxide

169
Q

What does zinc oxide and titanium dioxide do in relation to sunlight

A

Reflect UV radiation and do not allow any UV radiation through the skin

170
Q

What does sun screen contain

A

P-aminobenzoic acid

171
Q

What does p-aminobenzoic acid do in relation to sunlight

A

Absorbs some of the UV radiation so that less reaches the skin

172
Q

What is a benefit of absorbing small amounts of UV radiation

A

Generation Vitamin D

173
Q

What are free radicals

A

Atoms or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron and is highly reactive

174
Q

What are the three steps in the free radical chain reaction

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

175
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of a free radical chain reaction

A

UV light provides an energy source to break bonds of molecules and so the atoms now have unpaired electrons and are extremely unstable and highly reactive
Free radicals are generated

176
Q

What happens in the propagation stage of a free radical chain reaction

A

Free radicals attack other molecules creating more free radicals

177
Q

What does the propagation stage of a free radical chain reaction do in the chain reaction

A

Sustain it

178
Q

What happens in the termination stage of a free radical chain reaction

A

The number of free radicals build up and collisions between them occur and stable molecules are produced
And thus the reaction ends

179
Q

UV radiation interacts with compounds in the skin and fats are produced
True or false

A

False

Free radicals

180
Q

What are free radical scavengers

A

They reacts with free radicals to from stable molecules and prevent chain reactions

181
Q

What are two common free radical scavengers

A

Vitamin C and E

Higher Chemistry (3 decks)

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