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Exploring Neuroscience > Unit 2 (5,6, and 7) > Flashcards

Unit 2 (5,6, and 7) Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Central NS

A
  • Parts of NS encased in bone (brain and SC)

- Parts: Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

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2
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Largest pt of brain
  • Right side controls left side of body and vice versa
  • Parts: Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, Deep grey nuclei
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3
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Little brain
  • Movement control center (balance)
  • Left side controls left, right controls right
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4
Q

Brainstem

A

-Nexus of fibers that relay info from cerebrum to SC and cerebellum
-Regulates breathing, consciousness, control of body temp (homeostasis)
-Damage= fatal
Parts: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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5
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Attached to brainstem, encased in vertebrae
  • Continuous w brain and peripheral nerves
  • Acts independently from brain
  • Conducts info from skin, joints, and muscles of body to brain (and vice versa)
  • Cut leads to paralysis and lack of feeling in skin
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6
Q

Spinal Nerve

A
  • 31 pairs (62 total)
  • How SC communicates w/ body
  • Part of PNS
  • Branches: dorsal (info into SC) and ventral (info out of SC)
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7
Q

Peripheral NS

A
  • All parts of NS other than brain and SC

- Somatic NS, Autonomic NS (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

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8
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • All spinal nerves that innervate skin, joints, and muscles that are under voluntary control
  • Somatic motor axons
    • Command muscle contraction
    • Derive from motor neurons in ventral SC
  • Somatic sensory axons
    • Collect info from skin, muscles, and joints
    • Enter SC via dorsal roots
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9
Q

Autonomic NS

A
  • Involuntary/vegetative
  • Neurons that inervate internal organs, blood vessels, and glands
  • Autonomic sensory axons: bring info ab autonomic fxn to CNS
  • Autonomic motor fibers: commanf contraction and relaxation of smooth muslces, cardiac muscles, and secretory fxn of glands
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10
Q

Afferent Neurons

A
  • Sensory

- Bring info to the CNS

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11
Q

Efferent Neurons

A
  • Motor

- Carry info away from CNS

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12
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs (24 total)
  • Attached to ventral surface of brain
  • Most sensory and motor fxns of head and neck
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13
Q

Grey matter

A
  • Cell bodies
  • In cerebrum= outer and center
  • SC= grey center
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14
Q

White matter

A
  • Axons and myelin
  • Middle of cerebrum
  • SC= white outer
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15
Q

Ventricle

A

-Cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Processing of sensations, perceptions, voluntary movement, learning, speech, cognition
  • Lobes!
  • Grey matter
  • Sulci=grooves
  • Gyri=bumps
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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-Homeostatic control center

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18
Q

Deep Grey Nulcei

A

-Hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala

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19
Q

Nerve

A
  • Collection of axons of multiple neurons running together (PNS)
  • White matter
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20
Q

Tract

A
  • Collection of axons running together in CNS

- White matter

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21
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • Fight, flight, fright
  • NTM= Norepinephrine and epinephrine from adrenals
  • Sympathetic chain ganloin
    • Short 1st cell (SC to SCG)
    • long 2nd cell (SCG to organ)
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22
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • Rest and digest, feed and breed
  • Increases metabolic and other resources
  • NTM: ACh
  • Long 1st cell (SC to Organ wall)
  • Short 2nd cell (Inervates organ)
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23
Q

Nuclei

A

-Grey matter (cell bodies) in CNS

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24
Q

Ganglion

A

-Grey matter (cell bodies) in PNS

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25
Q

Spinal reflex

A
  • sensory to SC to motor

- Skips brain

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26
Q

Thalamus

A

-Relay system to and from brain

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27
Q

Functions of ACh

A
  • Muscle functions
  • Nicotinic Ach (ionotropic)–> open Cl- and K+ channels, movement
  • Muscarinic ACh (metabotropic)–> slow heart rate
  • In brain: arousal, learning, memory
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28
Q

Where is Dopamine produced?

What are its effects?

A
  • Midbrain
    • Substansia Nigra (motor control)
    • Ventral Tegmental Area (reward/pleasure)
  • Effects: reward, pleasure, motor fxn
29
Q

Dopamine Receptors

A
  • D1 family: D1 and D5–> metabotropic, excitatory
  • D2 family: D2, D3, D4–> metabotropic, inhibitory
    • Closes Ca2+, opens K+
  • Agonists increase activity (act similarly)
  • Antagonists decrease activity (block/bind to receptor)
30
Q

Where is Norepineprhine produced?

Effects?

A
  • Locus coeruleus (LC)
  • Increases arousal
    • Feeding, anxiety, alertness, sex, fear
  • Sympathetic
31
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A
  • Alpha and beta families
  • a1= metabotropic excitatory (increases Ca2+)
  • a2= metabotropic inhibitory (opens K+)
  • b1 and b2= metabotropic excitatory
32
Q

SSRI

A
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • Ex: prozac
  • Blocks reuptake so there is more serotonin available in the synapse to bind to receptors
33
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Nanopeptide
  • Produced in hypothalamus
  • Neuropeptide and peptide hormone–> acts in periphery
    - Lactation, uterine contractions
  • Acts in brain to enhance bonding
34
Q

What defines a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Substance must be present w/in presynaptic neurons
  2. Substance must be released in response to presynaptic depolarization (Ca2+ dependent)
  3. Specific receptors for the substance must be present on the post-synaptic cell
35
Q

GABA and Glutamate

A
  • GABA= inhibitory
  • Glutamate= excitatory
  • The brain runs on inhibition
  • Projection neurons that communicate btwn brain regions= glutamatergic
  • Interneurons part of local circuits= GABAergic
36
Q

Gaba receptors

A
  • GABAa= ionotropic (pops open ion channel)

- GABAb= metabotropic (directly activates 2nd messenger cascades)

37
Q

GABAa

A
  • Ligand-gated ionotropic Cl- channels
  • Binding affinity of GABA and other ligands influenced by precise arrangement of subunits
  • induces inhibitory postsynaptic hyperpolarization
38
Q

GABAb

A
  • Ligand-gated metabotropic GPCRS
  • Open K+ channels
  • Close Ca2+ channels
  • Inhibits adenylyl cyclase
  • Slower synaptic inhibition on post synaptic cell (hyperpolarization)
39
Q

Termination of GABA

A
  • Astrocytes play an important role in GABA processing
  • GAT responsible for reuptake (Na+ dependent)
  • GABA-T metabolizes GABA, re-enters krebs cycle
40
Q

Ionotropic AMPA, NMDA

A
  • At same synapse
  • Ligand-gated, allow Na+ and K+ currents when activated
    • Current of Na+ greater than cureent K+, allows for repolarization even though both are flowing
  • NMDArs open to Ca2+
    • Mg2+ blocks the channel until depolarization causes confirmation change
41
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A
  • Generate an antibody (w/ florescent secondary antibody) for antigen of interest
  • Observe florescence in region containing antigen
    • *Where NTM is located
42
Q

Serotonin Receptors

A

5-HT1=metabotropic, decreases cellular levels of cAMP, Autoreceptor
5-HT3=Ionotropic, cation channel, quick action and quick desensitization

43
Q

In Situ Hybridization

A
  • Make a radioactive oligonucleotide probe that is complimentary to mRNA sequence of interest
  • Localize sequence of interest by visualizing radioactivity
44
Q

How Do Cells Communicate?

A
  1. Connections (gap jxns)
  2. Secretion
    • Small or large molecules
    • Hormones
    • Gases
      * Endocrine (far cells) v paracrine signaling (surrounding cells)
  3. Contact
    • Cells physically touch
    • Important during development
    • Important for synapses
      • **Specialized for point to point, rapid, high frequency communication
45
Q

Classifications of Synapses

A
  1. How signals are passed along
  2. Where signals are passed along
  3. The nature of signal
46
Q

How signals are passed along

A
  • Electrical signalling (ions)

- Chemical signalling (NTM)

47
Q

Where signals are passed along

A
  • Axodendritic= axon to dendrite
  • Axospinous= axon to dendrite spine
  • Axosomatic= axon to cell body
  • Axoaxonic= axon to axon
  • Dendrodendritic= dendrite to dendrite
48
Q

Nature of the signal

A
  • Type of neurotransmitter released by presynaptic cell
  • How NTM affects postsynpatic cell
    • Excitatory (depolarizes, EPSP)
    • Inhibitory (hyperpolarizes, (IPSP)
49
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • Where electrical synapses occur
  • Connexon= 6 connexins
  • Large enough for ions, siRNA, cAMP, and other small molecules
50
Q

Properties of Electrical synapses

A
  1. Bidirectional
    • No pre or post synaptic cell
    • Continous membrane potentials
  2. Fast transmission/ passive potentias (faster than chem.)
  3. Integration
    • Summatin of PSPs at gap jxns to elicit AP
    • APs cause back propigation
      * Greatest characteristic synchronicity
      * Disadvantage= difficult to regulate
51
Q

Components of Chemical Synapses

A
  • Presynaptic terminal
  • Synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic terminal
  • Missing astrocytes
52
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A
  • Active zones-> sites of NTM release (vesicles acumulate)
  • Synaptic vesicles-> 50 nm filled w/ small NTM
  • Sceretory granules- 100nm filled w/ peptides
53
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A
  • 20-50nm wide (wider than gap jxns)

- Filled w/ extracellular matrix proteins

54
Q

Postsynaptic terminal

A

-Contains receptor

55
Q

Grey Type 1

A
  • Excitatory

- Assymetrical membrane differentiations

56
Q

Grey Type 2

A
  • Inhibitory

- Symmetrical membrane differentiations

57
Q

Dense Core Vesicle/ Secretory granules

A
  • Contain neuropeptides
  • Slow release
  • Far from active zone
  • Synthesized in soma in rough er–> bud off golgi aparatus–> travel to axon terminal
  • Smaller vesicles contain amine and amino acids
  • Empty vesicles for reuptake
58
Q

Steps of Signaling

A
  1. AP travels down axon
  2. Depolarization invades axon terminal
  3. Triggers the rapid entry of Ca2+ channels
    • Largest driving force
  4. Ca2+ triggers synpatic vesciles to fuse w/ membrane
    • Kiss and run or full incorporation
  5. Neurotransmitters diffuses through synaptic cleft
  6. Binding to receptor causes effect
  7. Signaling terminated
59
Q

Role of Calcium in Vesicle fusion

A
  • Internal conc. low, external conc. high
  • Snares dock the vesicles
  • Ca2+ binds to synaptotagonin
    • Elicits fusion w/ cell membrane
60
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

A
  • Ionotropic
  • Open pore momentarily when binding to NTM
  • Discrete/short duration
61
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A
  • Metabotropic
  • Conformational change w/ ligand (NTM) causes actions of association proteins
  • Amplified/longer duratin
  • Effector proteins
    • Open ion channels
    • Synthesize 2ndary messengers
62
Q

EPSPs

A
  • Excitatory post synaptic potentials

- Membrane depolarization caused by release of presynaptic NTM

63
Q

IPSPs

A
  • Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials

- Hyperpolarization of membrane caused by release of presynaptic NTM

64
Q

Autoreceptor

A
  • Negative feedback sensory

- Presynaptic receptor inhibits further vesicle release

65
Q

Reuptake

A

-Presynaptoc neuron or flia reuptake via endocytosis

66
Q

EPSP Summation

A
  • Add up to bring 1 meaningful depolarization
    1. Spatial summation: diff axons, signals add up
    2. Temporal summation: same axon, signals add up
67
Q

Integration Chemical Synapses

A
  • Neuron’s influence on postsynaptic neuron increased by:
    1. Synaptic surface area (more vesicles and receptors)
    2. Amount of vesicle fusion
    • Proportional to Ca current
    • Vesciles= quantal units of PSPs
      1. Frequency of AP (presynaptic)
      2. Synapse closer to hillock
68
Q

Shunting Inhibition

A

-Inhibitory Synapses negate dendritic depolarizations before reaching Axon hillock, Cl- channels

69
Q

Length Constant

A
  • Dendrites lack myelin
  • Current leaks out as it spreads across dendrite
  • When PSP enters cell on dendrite will factor into if size of PSP is large enough when it finally reaches axon hillock

Exploring Neuroscience (6 decks)

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