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Exploring Neuroscience > Unit 2 (5,6, and 7) > Flashcards

Unit 2 (5,6, and 7) Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Central NS

A
  • Parts of NS encased in bone (brain and SC)

- Parts: Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

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2
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Largest pt of brain
  • Right side controls left side of body and vice versa
  • Parts: Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, Deep grey nuclei
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3
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Little brain
  • Movement control center (balance)
  • Left side controls left, right controls right
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4
Q

Brainstem

A

-Nexus of fibers that relay info from cerebrum to SC and cerebellum
-Regulates breathing, consciousness, control of body temp (homeostasis)
-Damage= fatal
Parts: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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5
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Attached to brainstem, encased in vertebrae
  • Continuous w brain and peripheral nerves
  • Acts independently from brain
  • Conducts info from skin, joints, and muscles of body to brain (and vice versa)
  • Cut leads to paralysis and lack of feeling in skin
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6
Q

Spinal Nerve

A
  • 31 pairs (62 total)
  • How SC communicates w/ body
  • Part of PNS
  • Branches: dorsal (info into SC) and ventral (info out of SC)
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7
Q

Peripheral NS

A
  • All parts of NS other than brain and SC

- Somatic NS, Autonomic NS (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

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8
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • All spinal nerves that innervate skin, joints, and muscles that are under voluntary control
  • Somatic motor axons
    • Command muscle contraction
    • Derive from motor neurons in ventral SC
  • Somatic sensory axons
    • Collect info from skin, muscles, and joints
    • Enter SC via dorsal roots
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9
Q

Autonomic NS

A
  • Involuntary/vegetative
  • Neurons that inervate internal organs, blood vessels, and glands
  • Autonomic sensory axons: bring info ab autonomic fxn to CNS
  • Autonomic motor fibers: commanf contraction and relaxation of smooth muslces, cardiac muscles, and secretory fxn of glands
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10
Q

Afferent Neurons

A
  • Sensory

- Bring info to the CNS

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11
Q

Efferent Neurons

A
  • Motor

- Carry info away from CNS

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12
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs (24 total)
  • Attached to ventral surface of brain
  • Most sensory and motor fxns of head and neck
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13
Q

Grey matter

A
  • Cell bodies
  • In cerebrum= outer and center
  • SC= grey center
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14
Q

White matter

A
  • Axons and myelin
  • Middle of cerebrum
  • SC= white outer
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15
Q

Ventricle

A

-Cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Processing of sensations, perceptions, voluntary movement, learning, speech, cognition
  • Lobes!
  • Grey matter
  • Sulci=grooves
  • Gyri=bumps
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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-Homeostatic control center

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18
Q

Deep Grey Nulcei

A

-Hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala

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19
Q

Nerve

A
  • Collection of axons of multiple neurons running together (PNS)
  • White matter
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20
Q

Tract

A
  • Collection of axons running together in CNS

- White matter

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21
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • Fight, flight, fright
  • NTM= Norepinephrine and epinephrine from adrenals
  • Sympathetic chain ganloin
    • Short 1st cell (SC to SCG)
    • long 2nd cell (SCG to organ)
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22
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • Rest and digest, feed and breed
  • Increases metabolic and other resources
  • NTM: ACh
  • Long 1st cell (SC to Organ wall)
  • Short 2nd cell (Inervates organ)
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23
Q

Nuclei

A

-Grey matter (cell bodies) in CNS

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24
Q

Ganglion

A

-Grey matter (cell bodies) in PNS

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25
Spinal reflex
- sensory to SC to motor | - Skips brain
26
Thalamus
-Relay system to and from brain
27
Functions of ACh
- Muscle functions - Nicotinic Ach (ionotropic)--> open Cl- and K+ channels, movement - Muscarinic ACh (metabotropic)--> slow heart rate - In brain: arousal, learning, memory
28
Where is Dopamine produced? | What are its effects?
- Midbrain - Substansia Nigra (motor control) - Ventral Tegmental Area (reward/pleasure) * Effects: reward, pleasure, motor fxn
29
Dopamine Receptors
- D1 family: D1 and D5--> metabotropic, excitatory - D2 family: D2, D3, D4--> metabotropic, inhibitory - Closes Ca2+, opens K+ * Agonists increase activity (act similarly) * Antagonists decrease activity (block/bind to receptor)
30
Where is Norepineprhine produced? | Effects?
- Locus coeruleus (LC) - Increases arousal - Feeding, anxiety, alertness, sex, fear - Sympathetic
31
Adrenergic receptors
- Alpha and beta families - a1= metabotropic excitatory (increases Ca2+) - a2= metabotropic inhibitory (opens K+) - b1 and b2= metabotropic excitatory
32
SSRI
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - Ex: prozac - Blocks reuptake so there is more serotonin available in the synapse to bind to receptors
33
Oxytocin
- Nanopeptide - Produced in hypothalamus - Neuropeptide and peptide hormone--> acts in periphery - Lactation, uterine contractions - Acts in brain to enhance bonding
34
What defines a neurotransmitter?
1. Substance must be present w/in presynaptic neurons 2. Substance must be released in response to presynaptic depolarization (Ca2+ dependent) 3. Specific receptors for the substance must be present on the post-synaptic cell
35
GABA and Glutamate
- GABA= inhibitory - Glutamate= excitatory * The brain runs on inhibition - Projection neurons that communicate btwn brain regions= glutamatergic - Interneurons part of local circuits= GABAergic
36
Gaba receptors
- GABAa= ionotropic (pops open ion channel) | - GABAb= metabotropic (directly activates 2nd messenger cascades)
37
GABAa
- Ligand-gated ionotropic Cl- channels - Binding affinity of GABA and other ligands influenced by precise arrangement of subunits - induces inhibitory postsynaptic hyperpolarization
38
GABAb
- Ligand-gated metabotropic GPCRS - Open K+ channels - Close Ca2+ channels - Inhibits adenylyl cyclase * Slower synaptic inhibition on post synaptic cell (hyperpolarization)
39
Termination of GABA
- Astrocytes play an important role in GABA processing - GAT responsible for reuptake (Na+ dependent) - GABA-T metabolizes GABA, re-enters krebs cycle
40
Ionotropic AMPA, NMDA
- At same synapse - Ligand-gated, allow Na+ and K+ currents when activated - Current of Na+ greater than cureent K+, allows for repolarization even though both are flowing - NMDArs open to Ca2+ - Mg2+ blocks the channel until depolarization causes confirmation change
41
Immunohistochemistry
- Generate an antibody (w/ florescent secondary antibody) for antigen of interest - Observe florescence in region containing antigen * *Where NTM is located
42
Serotonin Receptors
5-HT1=metabotropic, decreases cellular levels of cAMP, Autoreceptor 5-HT3=Ionotropic, cation channel, quick action and quick desensitization
43
In Situ Hybridization
- Make a radioactive oligonucleotide probe that is complimentary to mRNA sequence of interest - Localize sequence of interest by visualizing radioactivity
44
How Do Cells Communicate?
1. Connections (gap jxns) 2. Secretion - Small or large molecules - Hormones - Gases * Endocrine (far cells) v paracrine signaling (surrounding cells) 3. Contact - Cells physically touch - Important during development - Important for synapses * **Specialized for point to point, rapid, high frequency communication
45
Classifications of Synapses
1. How signals are passed along 2. Where signals are passed along 3. The nature of signal
46
How signals are passed along
- Electrical signalling (ions) | - Chemical signalling (NTM)
47
Where signals are passed along
- Axodendritic= axon to dendrite - Axospinous= axon to dendrite spine - Axosomatic= axon to cell body - Axoaxonic= axon to axon - Dendrodendritic= dendrite to dendrite
48
Nature of the signal
- Type of neurotransmitter released by presynaptic cell - How NTM affects postsynpatic cell - Excitatory (depolarizes, EPSP) - Inhibitory (hyperpolarizes, (IPSP)
49
Gap Junctions
- Where electrical synapses occur - Connexon= 6 connexins - Large enough for ions, siRNA, cAMP, and other small molecules
50
Properties of Electrical synapses
1. Bidirectional - No pre or post synaptic cell - Continous membrane potentials 2. Fast transmission/ passive potentias (faster than chem.) 3. Integration - Summatin of PSPs at gap jxns to elicit AP - APs cause back propigation * Greatest characteristic synchronicity * Disadvantage= difficult to regulate
51
Components of Chemical Synapses
- Presynaptic terminal - Synaptic cleft - postsynaptic terminal - Missing astrocytes
52
Presynaptic terminal
- Active zones-> sites of NTM release (vesicles acumulate) - Synaptic vesicles-> 50 nm filled w/ small NTM - Sceretory granules- 100nm filled w/ peptides
53
Synaptic Cleft
- 20-50nm wide (wider than gap jxns) | - Filled w/ extracellular matrix proteins
54
Postsynaptic terminal
-Contains receptor
55
Grey Type 1
- Excitatory | - Assymetrical membrane differentiations
56
Grey Type 2
- Inhibitory | - Symmetrical membrane differentiations
57
Dense Core Vesicle/ Secretory granules
- Contain neuropeptides - Slow release - Far from active zone - Synthesized in soma in rough er--> bud off golgi aparatus--> travel to axon terminal * Smaller vesicles contain amine and amino acids * Empty vesicles for reuptake
58
Steps of Signaling
1. AP travels down axon 2. Depolarization invades axon terminal 3. Triggers the rapid entry of Ca2+ channels - Largest driving force 4. Ca2+ triggers synpatic vesciles to fuse w/ membrane - Kiss and run or full incorporation 5. Neurotransmitters diffuses through synaptic cleft 6. Binding to receptor causes effect 7. Signaling terminated
59
Role of Calcium in Vesicle fusion
- Internal conc. low, external conc. high - Snares dock the vesicles - Ca2+ binds to synaptotagonin - Elicits fusion w/ cell membrane
60
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
- Ionotropic - Open pore momentarily when binding to NTM - Discrete/short duration
61
G-protein coupled receptors
- Metabotropic - Conformational change w/ ligand (NTM) causes actions of association proteins - Amplified/longer duratin - Effector proteins - Open ion channels - Synthesize 2ndary messengers
62
EPSPs
- Excitatory post synaptic potentials | - Membrane depolarization caused by release of presynaptic NTM
63
IPSPs
- Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials | - Hyperpolarization of membrane caused by release of presynaptic NTM
64
Autoreceptor
- Negative feedback sensory | - Presynaptic receptor inhibits further vesicle release
65
Reuptake
-Presynaptoc neuron or flia reuptake via endocytosis
66
EPSP Summation
- Add up to bring 1 meaningful depolarization 1. Spatial summation: diff axons, signals add up 2. Temporal summation: same axon, signals add up
67
Integration Chemical Synapses
- Neuron's influence on postsynaptic neuron increased by: 1. Synaptic surface area (more vesicles and receptors) 2. Amount of vesicle fusion - Proportional to Ca current - Vesciles= quantal units of PSPs 3. Frequency of AP (presynaptic) 4. Synapse closer to hillock
68
Shunting Inhibition
-Inhibitory Synapses negate dendritic depolarizations before reaching Axon hillock, Cl- channels
69
Length Constant
- Dendrites lack myelin - Current leaks out as it spreads across dendrite - When PSP enters cell on dendrite will factor into if size of PSP is large enough when it finally reaches axon hillock

Exploring Neuroscience (6 decks)

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