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Exploring Neuroscience > Final Important Memorization > Flashcards

Final Important Memorization Flashcards

1
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Exitatory projection neurons in brain
  • -NMDAr and AMPAr= ionotropic
  • Seen w/–> LTP, schizophrenia, excitatory spinal interneurons, sound transduction
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2
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Excitatory
  • Nicotinic= ionotropic, Muscarinic= metabotropic (slows heart rate)
  • Seen w/–> neuromuscular jxn (nicotinic), cog symptoms of schizophrenia
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3
Q

Dopamine Excitatory

A
  • D1 fam= d1 and d5= metabotropic

- seen w/–> mesocorticolimbic (reward) pathway, direct pathway (movement), negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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4
Q

GABA

A
  • Inhibition of interneurons
  • -GABAa= ionotropic (Cl- channel)
  • -GABAb= metabotropic (inhibits adenylyl cyclase–> opening of K+, closing of Ca2+)
  • Seen w/–> reciprocal inhibition
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5
Q

Glycine

A
  • Inhibition in SC and brainstem

- Seen w/–> inhibitory spinal interneurons

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6
Q

Dopamine Inhibitory

A
  • D2 fam= d2,d3,d4= metabotropic

- Seen w/–> positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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7
Q

Excitatory NTMs

A

Na+ and Ca2+ influx–> EPSPs

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8
Q

Inhibitory NTMs

A

K+ out, Cl- in–> IPSPs

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9
Q

Action Potential–> Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • 65mV
  • Pumps maintain PONI with 2K+ in, 3Na+ out
  • K+ leak channels= mV close to Ek
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10
Q

Action Potential–> Rising Phase

A

-Na+ channels open, Na+ into cell–> depolarization

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11
Q

Action Potential–> Overshoot

A

-Membrane potential goes close to Ena

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12
Q

Action Potential–> Falling Phase

A
  • Na+ channel inactivates, K+ opens (delayed rectifier)

- mV gets closer to RP (repolarization)

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13
Q

Action Potential–>Undershoot

A

-mV get closer to Ek

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14
Q

Circuit of Neural Network Model

A

Sensory Info–> cortical association areas–> parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas–> hippocampus –fornix–> hypothalamus, thalamus

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15
Q

Step 1 LTP

A
  • Glu released; Binds to AMPAr and NMDAr

- AMPA conducts Na+ ions, NMDA blocked by Mg2+

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16
Q

Step 2 LTP

A
  • AMPAr depolarize membrane

- Mg2+ unblocks NMDA, NMDA conducts Ca2+

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17
Q

Step 3 LTP

A

-Ca2+ activates CaMKII, Protein Kinases A and C

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18
Q

Step 4 LTP

A
  • Kinases catalyze synaptic plasticity
  • -Exocytosis of AMPAr to synaptic membrane
  • -Increased conductance of AMPA= greater depolarizations/ EPSPs
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19
Q

Step 5 LTP

A
  • Consolidation (Late LTP)
  • Kinases activate transcription factors and epigenetic markers
  • W/O this, memories would be erased**
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20
Q

Stretch Reflex

A
  • GMN stimulated by 1a sensory axon (intrafusal)
  • AMN stimulated by 1a sensory axon (extrafusal)
  • *Need change in muscle length to fire
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21
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A
  • While one muscle group contracts, antagonist muscle relaxes (inhibited)
  • 1a sensory neuron–> inhibitory interneuron–> antagonist muscle lower motor neuron
22
Q

Flexor Withdrawl

A

-Nociceptor–> excitatory neuron–> lower motor neuron of flexor

23
Q

Central Pattern Generator

A

-UMN–> excitatory and inhibitory interneuron–> extensor and flexor LMNs

24
Q

Lateral Pathways

A
  • Voluntary control of distal muscles
  • –Corticospinal tract
  • –Rubrospinal tract
25
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

-Neocortex–> decussates at medulla–> LMN

26
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

-Red nucleus–> decussates at pons–> LMN

27
Q

Ventromedial Pathway

A
  • Controls proximal muscles
  • Involuntary posture, balance, rxns
  • -Vestibulospinal tract
  • -Tectospinal tract
  • -Pontinereticulospinal tract
  • -Medullary reticulospinal tract
28
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A

-Origin= medulla

29
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

-Origin: Colliculus

30
Q

Pontinereticulospinal tract

A

-Origin: Pons

31
Q

Medullary Reticulospinal Tract

A

-Origin= medulla

32
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus–CRH–> Anterior Pituitary–ACTH–> adrenal glands–cort–> bloodstream/periphery

*CORT leads to neg feedback for production of ACTH AND CRH

33
Q

HPG Axis

A

Hypothalamus– GnRH–> Anterior Pituitary – LH and FSH–> gonads– sex hormones–> bloodstream
*Sex hormones lead to neg feedback in production of GnRH and LH/FSH

34
Q

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway

A

VTA–> PFC–> NAc

35
Q

Neural Circuit of Speech Production

A

-Auditory cortex (spoken aloud) or Straite cortex (written word)–> Wernicke parses meaning of important words–> Arcuate fasiculus–> Broca–> Motor cortex (speech articulation)

36
Q

Direct Pathway

A

-Disinhibits thalamus–> excites cortex–> sends motor plan

37
Q

Muscle Innervation Steps

A
  1. LMN releases ACh
  2. ACh produces EPSP
  3. EPSP–> AP
  4. AP–> release of Ca2+
  5. Fiber contracts
  6. Ca2+ reuptake
  7. Fiber relaxes
38
Q

Transduction of Sound

A
  • Tallest stereocilia bends toward smallest= hyperpolarization
  • Tallest away from smallest= depolarization
  • -Due to tip links stretching, opens K+ channels (Influx)==> depolarization–> release of Ca2+–> Hair cell releases glutamate–> depolarizes cochlear nervee
39
Q

Taste Transduction

A

-Tastant binds to taste receptor cell (GPCR for sweet, umami, bitter; TRP for sour, salty)–> depolarization–> release of ATP (sweet, umami, bitter) or 5-HT (sour, salty)–> depolarization 1st order neuron

40
Q

Vision Transduction (Dark)

A

-Opsin= GPCR–> activates 2nd messenger–> opening Na+ channels–> depolarization–> release of glutamate–> depolarization of bipolar cell

41
Q

Vision Transduction (Light)

A

-Opsin=GPCR–> activates 2nd messenger–> closing Na+ channels–> hyperpolarization–> release of glutamate–> depolarization of bipolar cell

42
Q

Touch/Pain Transduction

A
  • Touch–> mechanoreceptors opened by pressure on cell membrane, cytoskeletal protein, or extracellular protein–> Na+ and Ca2+ inside cell–> depolarization–> activation 1st order neuron
  • pain= same but with nociceptors
43
Q

Taste Pathway

A

-Receptor–> Cranial nerves (9,10,7)–> brainstem–> NTS–> VPM–> Primary gustatory cortex

44
Q

Smell

A
  • Receptor–> mitral cells–> glomerili–> olfactory bulb–> piriform cortex
  • *NO THALAMIC NUCLEUS
45
Q

Sight Pathway

A

-Receptor–> ganglion cells–> optic nerve–> optic chiasm–> optic tract–> LGN–> Primary Visual Cortex/Striate cortex

46
Q

Hearing Pathway

A

-Hair cells–> cochlear nerve–> spiral ganglion–> cochlear nuclei–> superior olive–> inferior colliculus–> MGN–> Primary auditory cortex

47
Q

Touch (Medial Lemiscal) Pathway

A

-Dorsal root–> dorsal column nucleus–> medial lemiscus–> VP–> S1

48
Q

Pain (Spinal Thalamic) Pathway

A

-Dorsal root–> SC–> VP and intralaminar–> S1

49
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A
  • Same side of pain: flexor excited, extensor inhibited

- Opposite side of paim: flexor inhibited, extensor excited

50
Q

Decussations

A
  • Taste and smell: None
  • Optic chiasm: partial decussation for sight
  • Pons= hearing
  • Medulla= touch
  • Spinal cord= pain
  • Balance: not important
51
Q

Properties of an Action Potential

A
  • All or none, either reaches threshold or doesn’t
  • Same magnitude and duration
  • Membrane briefly more positive inside than out
  • Regenerated over distance
    • Wave motion

Exploring Neuroscience (6 decks)

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