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Exploring Neuroscience > Final Important Memorization > Flashcards

Final Important Memorization Flashcards

1
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Exitatory projection neurons in brain
  • -NMDAr and AMPAr= ionotropic
  • Seen w/–> LTP, schizophrenia, excitatory spinal interneurons, sound transduction
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2
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Excitatory
  • Nicotinic= ionotropic, Muscarinic= metabotropic (slows heart rate)
  • Seen w/–> neuromuscular jxn (nicotinic), cog symptoms of schizophrenia
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3
Q

Dopamine Excitatory

A
  • D1 fam= d1 and d5= metabotropic

- seen w/–> mesocorticolimbic (reward) pathway, direct pathway (movement), negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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4
Q

GABA

A
  • Inhibition of interneurons
  • -GABAa= ionotropic (Cl- channel)
  • -GABAb= metabotropic (inhibits adenylyl cyclase–> opening of K+, closing of Ca2+)
  • Seen w/–> reciprocal inhibition
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5
Q

Glycine

A
  • Inhibition in SC and brainstem

- Seen w/–> inhibitory spinal interneurons

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6
Q

Dopamine Inhibitory

A
  • D2 fam= d2,d3,d4= metabotropic

- Seen w/–> positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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7
Q

Excitatory NTMs

A

Na+ and Ca2+ influx–> EPSPs

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8
Q

Inhibitory NTMs

A

K+ out, Cl- in–> IPSPs

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9
Q

Action Potential–> Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • 65mV
  • Pumps maintain PONI with 2K+ in, 3Na+ out
  • K+ leak channels= mV close to Ek
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10
Q

Action Potential–> Rising Phase

A

-Na+ channels open, Na+ into cell–> depolarization

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11
Q

Action Potential–> Overshoot

A

-Membrane potential goes close to Ena

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12
Q

Action Potential–> Falling Phase

A
  • Na+ channel inactivates, K+ opens (delayed rectifier)

- mV gets closer to RP (repolarization)

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13
Q

Action Potential–>Undershoot

A

-mV get closer to Ek

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14
Q

Circuit of Neural Network Model

A

Sensory Info–> cortical association areas–> parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas–> hippocampus –fornix–> hypothalamus, thalamus

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15
Q

Step 1 LTP

A
  • Glu released; Binds to AMPAr and NMDAr

- AMPA conducts Na+ ions, NMDA blocked by Mg2+

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16
Q

Step 2 LTP

A
  • AMPAr depolarize membrane

- Mg2+ unblocks NMDA, NMDA conducts Ca2+

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17
Q

Step 3 LTP

A

-Ca2+ activates CaMKII, Protein Kinases A and C

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18
Q

Step 4 LTP

A
  • Kinases catalyze synaptic plasticity
  • -Exocytosis of AMPAr to synaptic membrane
  • -Increased conductance of AMPA= greater depolarizations/ EPSPs
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19
Q

Step 5 LTP

A
  • Consolidation (Late LTP)
  • Kinases activate transcription factors and epigenetic markers
  • W/O this, memories would be erased**
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20
Q

Stretch Reflex

A
  • GMN stimulated by 1a sensory axon (intrafusal)
  • AMN stimulated by 1a sensory axon (extrafusal)
  • *Need change in muscle length to fire
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21
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A
  • While one muscle group contracts, antagonist muscle relaxes (inhibited)
  • 1a sensory neuron–> inhibitory interneuron–> antagonist muscle lower motor neuron
22
Q

Flexor Withdrawl

A

-Nociceptor–> excitatory neuron–> lower motor neuron of flexor

23
Q

Central Pattern Generator

A

-UMN–> excitatory and inhibitory interneuron–> extensor and flexor LMNs

24
Q

Lateral Pathways

A
  • Voluntary control of distal muscles
  • –Corticospinal tract
  • –Rubrospinal tract
25
Corticospinal Tract
-Neocortex--> decussates at medulla--> LMN
26
Rubrospinal Tract
-Red nucleus--> decussates at pons--> LMN
27
Ventromedial Pathway
- Controls proximal muscles - Involuntary posture, balance, rxns - -Vestibulospinal tract - -Tectospinal tract - -Pontinereticulospinal tract - -Medullary reticulospinal tract
28
Vestibulospinal Tract
-Origin= medulla
29
Tectospinal Tract
-Origin: Colliculus
30
Pontinereticulospinal tract
-Origin: Pons
31
Medullary Reticulospinal Tract
-Origin= medulla
32
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus--CRH--> Anterior Pituitary--ACTH--> adrenal glands--cort--> bloodstream/periphery *CORT leads to neg feedback for production of ACTH AND CRH
33
HPG Axis
Hypothalamus-- GnRH--> Anterior Pituitary -- LH and FSH--> gonads-- sex hormones--> bloodstream *Sex hormones lead to neg feedback in production of GnRH and LH/FSH
34
Mesocorticolimbic Pathway
VTA--> PFC--> NAc
35
Neural Circuit of Speech Production
-Auditory cortex (spoken aloud) or Straite cortex (written word)--> Wernicke parses meaning of important words--> Arcuate fasiculus--> Broca--> Motor cortex (speech articulation)
36
Direct Pathway
-Disinhibits thalamus--> excites cortex--> sends motor plan
37
Muscle Innervation Steps
1. LMN releases ACh 2. ACh produces EPSP 3. EPSP--> AP 4. AP--> release of Ca2+ 5. Fiber contracts 6. Ca2+ reuptake 7. Fiber relaxes
38
Transduction of Sound
- Tallest stereocilia bends toward smallest= hyperpolarization - Tallest away from smallest= depolarization - -Due to tip links stretching, opens K+ channels (Influx)==> depolarization--> release of Ca2+--> Hair cell releases glutamate--> depolarizes cochlear nervee
39
Taste Transduction
-Tastant binds to taste receptor cell (GPCR for sweet, umami, bitter; TRP for sour, salty)--> depolarization--> release of ATP (sweet, umami, bitter) or 5-HT (sour, salty)--> depolarization 1st order neuron
40
Vision Transduction (Dark)
-Opsin= GPCR--> activates 2nd messenger--> opening Na+ channels--> depolarization--> release of glutamate--> depolarization of bipolar cell
41
Vision Transduction (Light)
-Opsin=GPCR--> activates 2nd messenger--> closing Na+ channels--> hyperpolarization--> release of glutamate--> depolarization of bipolar cell
42
Touch/Pain Transduction
- Touch--> mechanoreceptors opened by pressure on cell membrane, cytoskeletal protein, or extracellular protein--> Na+ and Ca2+ inside cell--> depolarization--> activation 1st order neuron * pain= same but with nociceptors
43
Taste Pathway
-Receptor--> Cranial nerves (9,10,7)--> brainstem--> NTS--> VPM--> Primary gustatory cortex
44
Smell
- Receptor--> mitral cells--> glomerili--> olfactory bulb--> piriform cortex * *NO THALAMIC NUCLEUS
45
Sight Pathway
-Receptor--> ganglion cells--> optic nerve--> optic chiasm--> optic tract--> LGN--> Primary Visual Cortex/Striate cortex
46
Hearing Pathway
-Hair cells--> cochlear nerve--> spiral ganglion--> cochlear nuclei--> superior olive--> inferior colliculus--> MGN--> Primary auditory cortex
47
Touch (Medial Lemiscal) Pathway
-Dorsal root--> dorsal column nucleus--> medial lemiscus--> VP--> S1
48
Pain (Spinal Thalamic) Pathway
-Dorsal root--> SC--> VP and intralaminar--> S1
49
Crossed Extensor Reflex
- Same side of pain: flexor excited, extensor inhibited | - Opposite side of paim: flexor inhibited, extensor excited
50
Decussations
- Taste and smell: None - Optic chiasm: partial decussation for sight - Pons= hearing - Medulla= touch - Spinal cord= pain - Balance: not important
51
Properties of an Action Potential
- All or none, either reaches threshold or doesn't - Same magnitude and duration - Membrane briefly more positive inside than out - Regenerated over distance - Wave motion

Exploring Neuroscience (6 decks)

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