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NUR 101 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the GFHP of Nutrition and Metabolism important?

A 
Deficiencies may explain other problems
fluid intake is important
problems r/t being underweight or obese
skin is 1st line of defense against infection
treatment may interfere with metabolism
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2
Q

What do nutrients do?

A

supply the body with necessary elements for growth

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3
Q

List the different kinds of nutrients

A

Carbs
fats
proteins
alcohol (on hormones)

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4
Q

Essential nutrients (list)

A 
Water 
electrolytes
minerals
vitamins 
and proteins for tissue building
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5
Q

what nutrient is used to heal wounds?

A

protein

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6
Q

Daily calorie Requirement for men? women?

A

2800

2000

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7
Q

Macro nutrients (list)

A

Carbs
protein
fats

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8
Q

Carbohydrates (why do we need them where do we get them?)

A

Main energy source

sources for CHO: fruits vegies grains milk

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9
Q

how many calories is 1g of carbs?

A

4cal

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10
Q

what percentage of calories should carbs account for?

A

55-60%

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11
Q

Protein (why do we need it?)

A

essential in growth and repair of tissues
20 amino acids exist
10 essential amino acids- not synthesized by body, a complete protein food has all 10 (animal product)

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12
Q

How many calories is 1g of protein?

A

4 Calories

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13
Q

what percentage of calories should proteins account for?

A

12-20%

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14
Q

Fats (what do we need them for? fxns?)

A

main source of fatty acids, essential for growth and development
fx hormones, tissue structure, nerve impulse, insulation, protection

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15
Q

how many calories are in 1g of fat?

A

9 calories

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16
Q

what percentage of calories should fats account for?

A

25-30%

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17
Q

Micronutrients (list)

A

vitamins and minerals

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18
Q

Vitamins

A

Water soluble: peed out by body if excess

Fat soluble: can be toxic if in excess because body holds onto these.

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19
Q

List the fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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20
Q

Metabolism

A 
process of producing and using energy within body cells
fueled by nutrients 
-energy produced
-energy used
-needs to be balanced for health 
THYROID HORMONES PLAY A MAJOR ROLE
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21
Q

Ways energy is used in the body

A

to maintain essential life processes: breathing, circulation, nervous system function

to support non essential life activities: running, working, thinking, stress management, digestion/absorption.

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22
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

the amount of energy required for essential life processes.

breathing circulation and nervous system

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23
Q

when is BMR measured?

A

when the body is physically, metabolically, and emotionally at rest.
influenced by: activity, hormonal imbalance, temperature, stress, and illness.

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24
Q

anabolism

A

Cell building.
excess stored as fat and can be used for body needs if nutritional intake is not sufficient
fat excess=weight gain

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25
Q

BMI normal

A

18.5-24.9

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26
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down of cells and tissues
necessary for a constant source of energy
excess= decreased weight.

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27
Q

muscle wasting caused by

A

excess catabolism.

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28
Q

Ingestion

A

nutrients taken into the GI tract, taking food into the mouth

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29
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of ingested nutrients to be absorbed by body

begins in the mouth (chewing and saliva) peristalsis to the stomach, with other chemicals to break down nutrients.

When in the small intestines secretions from the pancreas liver, gall bladder and intestinal wall complete digestive process. nutrients are absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.

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30
Q

Absorption

A

passage of digested foods from the GI tract to blood/ lymph circulation

blood channeled to liver where metabolic processes occur

most nutrients and electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestines.

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31
Q

Transport

A

Movement of nutrients across the cell membrane.

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32
Q

Metabolism

A

Final process of nutrition, energy produced and used by body cells

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33
Q

Positive balance of metabolism

A

more consumed than excreted
increased demand during times of pregnancy, growing, kids.

Anabolic state

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34
Q

Negative balance of metabolism

A

intake less than output
loss of protein in the form of muscle and other tissue

metabolic demands are not met,

Catabolic state

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35
Q

Lab tests for metabolism

A

24 hr urine specimine
BUN blood test
24 hr food intake (cal count)
Albumin and protein blood tests

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36
Q

BUN normal

A

7-20 mg/dL

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37
Q

Albumin normal

A

3.4-5.4 g/dL

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38
Q

Skin

A

Physical barrier
protects underlying tissues, and organs
plays a role in temp. fluid/electrolyte balances, absorption, excretion, immunity, vitamin D synthesis

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39
Q

Skin Layers

A

Epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous

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40
Q

Epidermis

A

outer layer, skin color

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41
Q

Dermis

A

connective tissue and blood vessels, helps strengthen skin.

TB testing done at this layer

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42
Q

Subcutaneous

A

connective tissue.
infiltrated with fat, blood vessels and nerves, glands.

injections/immunizations done here.

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43
Q

pressure sores

A

Skin deprived of oxygen

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44
Q

Stage 1 pressure ulcer

A

blood stasis (red spot, non blanchable)
redness not relieved by massage or pressure relief
warm to touch

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45
Q

Stage 2 pressure ulcer

A

epidermal loss, possible damage to dermis
moist and depressed skin erosion, abrasion, blister or shallow crater
can heal okay r/t no blood vessel damage.

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46
Q

stage 3 pressure ulcer

A

full thickness skin loss
ulcer can extend to the subcutaneous layer
sero-sanguinous or purulent drainage is common
healing time is longer, needs regranulation

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47
Q

Stage 4 pressure ulcer

A

full thickness deep into connective tissue, muscle, bone,
may have necrosis
need adequate protein and albumin levels for healing
healing time longer
may need debridement

48
Q

two types of debridement (stage 4 ulcer)

A

cut away necrotic tissue

wet to dry dressing changes.

49
Q

healing stage 2 pressure ulcers

A

primary intention, epithelial migration, cell division, differentation of new epidermis

50
Q

healing stage 3&4 wounds

A

secondary intention
tissue regeneration necessary
inflammation, granulation, matrix formation and remodeling (dark pink scar)

51
Q

wound healing needs

A

adequate proteins, normal albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and transferrin levels

52
Q

signs and symptoms of impaired wound healing

A 
increased redness and swelling
pus formation
dehiscence (spreads apart)
wound color changes
decreased granulation tissue
53
Q

Lymph nodes

A

act as filters of lymph fluid
located in the head neck breast axilla inguinal clavicle and popliteal areas
examined by palpation: roll up and down b/t fingers if palpable
not visible or palpable unless inflamed

54
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of the lymph nodes

painful

55
Q

lymphangitis

A

inflammation along the course of the lymphatic vessel

56
Q

lymphedema

A

tissue swelling

palpate by putting pressure over shin and ankle for 3-5 seconds.

57
Q

most concerning lymph node finding

A

palpable nodes that are fixed to underlying tissue

58
Q

thyroid gland

A

largest endocrine gland
controls metabolic rate hormone
secretes 3 hormones

59
Q

hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A

T3
T4
calcitonin

60
Q

T3

A

increases BMR with increased O2 consumption
increases chem. rxn rates.
increases heat prod.
promotes human growth

61
Q

T4

A

same fxns as T3
can be converted to T3
secreted in greater amounts
longer life span than T3.

62
Q

Calcitonin

A

Calcium metabolism

63
Q

parathyroid glands

A

located on posterior surface of thyroid gland

regulates calcium, phosphorus metabolism

64
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

bulging eyes
weakness/fatigue
diaphoresis
tachy, CP, Dysrhythmias, increased BP
wt loss, increased appetite, diarrhea or constipation
restless, nervous, insomnia, irritable, hyperactivity

65
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

swollen face
decreased CO, enlarged heart, decreased blood pressure
lethargy fatigue slow speech
atherosclerosis increased cholesterol
wt gain, decreased appetite decreased parastalsis
dry brittle hair
memory impairment

66
Q

Exopthalmus

A

BUG EYES r/t hyperthyroidism

67
Q

Myxedema

A

facial edema r/t hypothyroidism

68
Q

Diabetes problems in skin

A

chronic skin infections with ulcerations

yeast infections under breasts, b/t fingers, toes, axilla etc.

69
Q

Liver skin problems

A

jaundice, edema, ascites, impaired protein metabolism

ETOH red palms spider veins

70
Q

Renal skin probs

A

pale (pallor), platelet dysfunction (bleeding probs), jaundice, edema

71
Q

impaired O2 Skin evidence

A

pallor cyanosis flushing mottling (lace pattern) cold clammy

72
Q

PVD skin probs

A

pale mottling necrosis cold ulcerations

73
Q

skin assessment categories (list)

A 
color 
pigment
moisture
temp
texture
thickness tugor 
mobility 
hygiene 
lesions
74
Q

koilonychia

A

spooning of nail r/t malnutrition

75
Q

beaus lines

A

lines on nails r/t recent illness

76
Q

clubbing

A

r/t respiratory function.

77
Q

Brawny (r/t edema)

A

warm weeping, shiny, tight, r/t heart failure

78
Q

OLD CARTS

A 
Onset
Location
Duration
Characteristics
Aggravating
Related
Treatment
severity
79
Q

GFHP cognitive perceptual definition

A

describes the ability to collect and use information

decision making and other cognitive processes

80
Q

neurological system

A

major biological support system

neuro pathology affects this system

81
Q

cognition

A 
the process of knowing
involves intellectual function
learning 
motivation
thinking
thought processes 
problem solving
82
Q

perception

A

the process of acquiring infor
involves using senses
meaning ful interpretation

83
Q

goals for assessing C-P

A

note status of all senses
note awareness of self surroundings
ID risk factors
note ability and knowledge to manage health

84
Q

Why is the C-P pattern important

A

perception of pain/severe discomfort signals possible tissue damage.

Perception is a protective mechanism, vision hearing and touch provide information used in higher cognitive processess

85
Q

assessment for C-P

A 
Level of consciousness
orientation
memory
reality based thinking
judgement
86
Q

GLASCOW Coma Scale

A

used in the ICU
assessment tool for assessing LOC cerebral dysfunction
assesses eye opening, motor and verbal responses

87
Q

Levels of Conciousness

A

fully awake- highest level
Alert- awake and oriented, responds to verbal commands
Lethargic- not fully alert, drowsy/sleepy, arousable, loses train of thought, spontaneous movements.
Obtunded- sleeps most of the time few spontaneous movements, more rigorous stimulation to arouse, decrease in appropriate responses to verbal commands
Stuporous/ Semi Comatose- Unconscious most of the time, no spontaneous motor activity, verbal responses limited or absence, rarely awake or oriented.
Comatose- unable to arouse with painful stimuli, +gag reflex, +cough reflex, if no reflexes in deep coma

88
Q

fully awake

A

highest level if LOC

89
Q

Alert

A

awake and oriented, responds to verbal commands

90
Q

Lethargic-

A

not fully alert, drowsy/sleepy, arousable, loses train of thought, spontaneous movements.

91
Q

Obtunded

A

sleeps most of the time few spontaneous movements, more rigorous stimulation to arouse, decrease in appropriate responses to verbal commands

92
Q

Stuporous/ Semi Comatose

A

Unconscious most of the time, no spontaneous motor activity, verbal responses limited or absence, rarely awake or oriented

93
Q

Comatose

A

unable to arouse with painful stimuli, +gag reflex, +cough reflex, if no reflexes in deep coma

94
Q

decorticate

A

flexor posturing
abnormal flexion
may be in response to pain or spontaneous
brain damage ABOVE brainstem

95
Q

Decerebrate

A

extension posturing
abnormal extention
to stimulus or spontaneous
damage IN brainstem

96
Q

Flaccid

A

limp

w/o muscle tone

97
Q

Increased Intracranial Pressure (IICP)

A 
decreased LOC and reflexes
headache, restless
change in resp. status increased or decreased
increased or decreased pulse
increased BP 
widening pulse pressure
98
Q

aphasia

A

inability to express oneself properly through speech

common in stroke victims

99
Q

expressive aphasia

A

cant express words

100
Q

receptive aphasia

A

can’t understand words

101
Q

Neuro assessment

A 
LOC:which level 
Orientation: X4 person place time and situation 
Pupils: PERRLA 
Strength 
Sensation
Babinski
Gait
Pain
102
Q

PERRLA

A 
Pupils
equal
round 
react to light
and accommodation
103
Q

accommodation

A

pupils constrict as objects come close

104
Q

convergence

A

eyes cross as objects come close

105
Q

Pain

A

is whatever the client says it is and exists where ever he says it is

106
Q

pain threshold

A

point at which pain is felt

107
Q

pain tolerance

A

pain endurance

108
Q

acute pain

A

significant, severe
recent onset
damage or injury has occured

109
Q

chronic pain

A 
constant or intermittent 
persists beyond expected healing
poorly defined
problematic
may exist for years
110
Q

Somatic pain

A

can be localized, originates in trunk, skin, extremities or bone. external.

111
Q

Visceral

A

internal organs (ischemia, spasms, radiates from origin lie with CP) can’t be sharply localized (internal)

112
Q

Phantom

A

from no body parts, nerve fibers.

i.e. amps

113
Q

Neuralgia

A

intense burning along peripheral nerve

114
Q

causalgia

A

intense pain after traumatic injury that involves peripheral nerves from extremity.
crushing injury, degloving.

115
Q

Pain management control

A

medications, oral, IV, IM, Patches

therapeutic, ice, heat, massage.

NUR 101 (3 decks)

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