Unit 2

Question 1

Reflex

Answer 1

a simple relation between a specific stimulus and an innate involuntary response. Also called unlearned or unconditioned reflex.

Question 2

innate

Answer 2

inborn; wired into biology of the organism.

Question 3

Involuntary

Answer 3

probability of that is response is almost 100%.

Question 4

type of response involved in reflexes

Answer 4

striatel (skeletal) muscles, smooth muscles and glands.

Question 5

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 5

mediates reflexes

Question 6

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

a stimulus which elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning; that is, due to a innate capacity to do so. US-is the stimulus part of a reflex.

Question 7

US

Answer 7

term is only used when speaking about stimuli that relate to reflexes and respondent behavior. Never used to refer to stimuli that relate to operant behavior. Only US can have a UR.

Question 8

Unconditioned Response

Answer 8

a response which is ellicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning; that is, due to phylogenic provenance. UR-is the response part of a reflex.

Question 9

Ellicit

Answer 9

meant to strongly, consistently, and reliably evoke. It is used exclusively for respondent functional relations.

Question 10

learning

Answer 10

permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Question 11

relationship btwn basic principles of behavior and learning

Answer 11

Most basic principles of behavior are basic principles of learning, as MOST important behavior is learned behavior.

Question 12

2 basic principles that result in learning

Answer 12

respondent or operant processes (conditioning). Humans can learn with or without words.

Question 13

Habituation

Answer 13

reducation in the strength of a reflex response brought about by repeated exposure to a stimulus that elicits that response.

Question 14

Sensitization

Answer 14

The tendancy of stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the eliciation of that response by a different stimulus.

Question 15

3 basic operations that lead to learning

Answer 15

Pairing, consequential operations and signaling.

Question 16

Pairing

Answer 16

Concurrently presenting two stimuli. S-S

Question 17

Consequential Operations

Answer 17

Presenting (onset/magnification) withdrawing (offset/attenuation) or withholding a stimulus. Withholding only makes sense if stimulus has been presented in the past and now is withheld.

Question 18

Signaling

Answer 18

When a stimulus signals that a consequence will occur if a response is emitted in the presence of that stimulus.

Question 19

Contiguity

Answer 19

the nearest of events in time. (temporal contiguity). The closer the continguity the more likely that the learning will occur.

Question 20

Contingency

Answer 20

A dependency between events. Exists between events when one depends upon the other. IF X and only IF X, Then Y.

Question 21

Stimulus Contingent

Answer 21

An event that occurs only if a particular stimulus occurs.

Question 22

Response Contingent

Answer 22

An event that occurs if a particular response occurs.

Question 23

Three-term contingency

Answer 23

When S-R-S or S-R-C.

Question 24

Respondent Responses

Answer 24

Elicited

Question 25

Respondent Conditioning

Answer 25

Usually only involves simple paring of stimuli.

Question 26

Respondent Relations

Answer 26

May be Learned. Not the same as unconditioned reflex, though all uR involve respondent relations.

Question 27

Operant Behavior

Answer 27

Operates of acts upon the environment. Is emitted or evoked . Is at least partially under the control of consequences. Are under the control of both antecedents and consequences.

Question 28

Behavior-Altering Relation

Answer 28

When a stimulus produces and imeediate and momentary change in the frequency, magnitude, or latency of a response class. The change is temporary.

Question 29

Evoke

Answer 29

call forth or bring about. Used for both respondent and operant functional relations.

Question 30

Abate

Answer 30

immediately and momentarily increase the frequency of behavrio.

Question 31

Function-Altering Behavior

Answer 31

When an evironmental produces a relatively permanent alteration in a functional relation. Changes the way stimuli affect behavior in the future. Ties into pairing, consequential relations and signalling.

Question 32

Phylogenic Provenance

Answer 32

Effect of stimulus on a specific resonse may be innate, due to the evolutionary history of that species. These innate functional relations are called unconditioned or unlearned.

Question 33

Ontogenic Provenance

Answer 33

The effect of the stimulus on a specific response may be learned due to the experiential history of the individual organism in the environment. These functional relations are called learned or conditioned.