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Higher Chemistry > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do reducing agents do?

A

They undergo oxidation

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2
Q

What do reducing agents do?

A

They undergo oxidation i.e. Lose electrons

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3
Q

What do oxidising agents do?

A

They gain electrons

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4
Q

What functional group do carboxylic acids have?

A

COOH O Carboxyl
⏸
C-OH

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5
Q

What functional group do alcohols have?

A

-OH Hydroxyl

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6
Q

How many bonds do each of the following elements need to have?

A 
Carbon-4
Oxygen-2
Hydrogen-1
Halogens-1
Nitrogen-3
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7
Q

What type of reaction takes place when an ester is formed?

A

Condensation reaction

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8
Q

What ester is formed when ethanol reacts with propanoic acid?

A

Ethyl propanoate

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9
Q

What catalyst is used to prepare an ester?

A

Concentrated sulphuric acid

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10
Q

How can the hydrolysis of an ester be brought about?

A

By warming the ester with an alkali like sodium hydroxide solution through a reflux condenser

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11
Q

How do you calculate the percentage yield?

A

Percentage = Actual yield X 100

Yield Theoretical

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12
Q

When 5.2g of ethanol is mixed with excess ethanoic acid and a few drops of sulphuric acid, 8.12g of ethyl ethanoate is formed. What is the percentage yield of ethyl ethanoate?

A

✔️ ❓
Ethanol + ethanoic acid ➡️ ethyl ethanoate + water

n= 5.2/46 m= n x fm
= 0.113043478 = 0.113043478 x 88
= 9.9g

% = 8.12/9.9 x 100 = 82%

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13
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

Fats are solids at room temperature while oils are liquids. Oils therefore have a lower melting point

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14
Q

What does saturation mean?

A

All single bonds

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15
Q

What does unsaturation mean?

A

Some double C=C bonds

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16
Q

Fat molecules

A

They have all single bonds so can pack close together

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17
Q

Oil molecules

A

Have C=C double bonds so molecules cannot pack close together therefore melting points are lower

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18
Q

What reaction takes place when fats or oils are formed

A

Condensation reaction since fats and oils are naturally occurring esters

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19
Q

What is the only alcohol that is in fats and oils?

A

Glycerol

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20
Q

Why are fats and oils called triglycerides?

A

Because 3 moles of acid are required for each mole if glycerol

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21
Q

What is the addition of hydrogen called?

A

Hydrogenation

22
Q

What 4 elements do proteins contain?

A

CHON

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

23
Q

What 2 functional groups do amino acids have per molecule?

A

Amino group Carboxyl group
H O
N ⏸
H -C-OH
O
H H ⏸
N - C - C - OH
H R

24
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Soluble globular proteins which act as biological catalysts

25
Q

What functional group do aldehydes/alkanals have?

A

O
⏸ Carbonyl group (on end carbon)
-C-OH

26
Q

What functional group do ketones/alkanones have?

A

O
⏸ Carbonyl group (on middle carbon)
-C-H

27
Q

What is the formula for Benzene?

A

C H

6 6

28
Q

What are three uses for aromatic compounds?

A

Medicines, dyes and paints

29
Q

How do you identify a primary alcohol?

A

The -OH is bonded to a carbon with two -H atoms

30
Q

How do you identify a secondary alcohol?

A

The -OH is bonded to a carbon which is bonded to one -H atom

31
Q

How do you identify a tertiary alcohol?

A

The -OH is bonded to a carbon which is not bonded to any hydrogen atoms

32
Q

What do oxidation reactions involve?

A

Either the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen

33
Q

What are the two steps when primary alcohols are oxidised?

A

Alcohol➡️Aldehyde➡️Carboxylic Acid

34
Q

What happens when a secondary alcohol is oxidised?

A

Alcohol➡️Ketone➡️No further oxidising

35
Q

What happens when tertiary alcohols undergo oxidation?

A

They do not undergo oxidation

36
Q

When using acidified potassium dichromate, what is the colour change?

A

Orange➡️Green

37
Q

When using acidified potassium permanganate, what is the colour change?

A

Purple➡️Clear

38
Q

What 2 ways can prevent good from spoiling?

A

Add an antioxidant or prepare food in an inert gas e.g nitrogen

39
Q

How is soap formed?

A

By the alkaline hydrolysis is fats and oils

40
Q

What is the equation of soap forming?

A

Fat/oil + Sodium Hydroxide ➡️ Soap + Glycerol

41
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Water hating

42
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Water loving

43
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

A substance which allows substances to be soluble in water

44
Q

What are free radical scavengers?

A

Molecules which react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions

45
Q

What are essential oils?

A

The concentrated extracts of volatile, non-water-soluble aroma compounds from plants

46
Q

What are essential oils used in?

A

Perfumes, cosmetic products, cleaning products and as flavourings in food

47
Q

What is steam distillation?

A

One of the methods used to extract oils from plants

48
Q

What are terpenes?

A

Natural organic compounds

49
Q

What are terpenes used in?

A

Perfumes, essential oils and medicines

50
Q

What are free radicals?

A

An atom with an unpaired electron and is highly reactive

Higher Chemistry (2 decks)

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