UNIT 2 Flashcards
baroque
literal meaning a “rough misshapen or imperfect pearl”
Why was the harpsichord important to the development of the baroque era?
it could play more than one note at a time, CHORDS
Figured bass
- left hand notes are given, right hand is improvised, notation of left hand has note of chord and numberical symbols underneath that indicate what to play
Gabrieli
the concert master of the St. Mark’s Cathedral, style is referred to as colossal baroque, he invents modern orchestration, decides what instrument will play what ahead of time
Why was the violin so important?
it was loud, music was now being played in concert halls needed the sound to be heard
Crimona, Italy
where all the violin makers lived
Antonio Stradavari
creator of the Stradivarius violin
Stradivarius violin
- violin created by Stradavari
- mastery and perfection has not been matched since
- sound is fuller, more bass, clearer sound
Corelli
composer of violin music, one of the first specialists; created sequences changing the key in the middle of the pieces
Vivaldi
- created concerto grosso
- created solo concerto
concerto grosso
two violins and a cello have something like a debate/conversation between each other
divided into small sections called movements
solo concerto
one instrument is featured and the entire orchestra backs them up
Representative works of Vivaldi
The Four Seasons, Mandolin Concerto in C
baroque organ
instrument that took 70 men to operate, created a variety of sounds, prototype for the synthesizer
J.S. Bach
- organ repairman who had genius ability to assess and repair organs
- created fugue
Representative works of Bach
- 6 Brandenburg Concertos
- Toccata and Fugue in D minor
Fugue
a composition for keyboard which follows a rigid set of rules for imitation and counterpoint
“The Well-Tempered Clavier”
The “well tuned” “keyboard”, two volumes, in tune can play with any instrument
Karl Phlipe Emmanuel Bach (KPE Bach)
based in Berlin
Johann Christian Bach
Based in London
Lully
worked in the court of Louis XIV, first French opera composer, watched tragic actors so his music would match the height of the drama, died conducting
Rameau
first person to write down scientific principles on constructing music, wrote the Treatise on Harmony, as a composer big on instrumentation, thought to be the first to use clarinet
Treatise on Harmony
book that stressed the importance of chords (first to propose a scientific basis to create harmony)
Couperin
- epitome of baroque
- wrote keyboard music
King Charles II
created the 24 violins of the King (first stringed group)
Henry Purcell
1 musician in England, served under 3 kings, organist for Chapel Royal and Westminister Abbey, wrote the opera’s Dido and Aeneas, The Fairy Queen, adapted from a Midsummer Night’s
George Frederick Handel
creator of the oratorio
oratorio
extended vocal work with religious text (Messiah)
The Camerata
men’s club that discussed music, their purpose was to restore Greek Drama
Monody
one sound/voice
Basso Continuo
chords behind singing (realized)
Monte Verdi
music master, wrote Orfeo, brings back large orchestras
Jacopo Peri
wrote the first opera we know about, Euridice
Public Operas
- open to wealthy and commoners
- became a social experience as well as an art
groundlings
people who stood in center floor section of theatre at the Globe
Aria
a solo song within in an opera meant to showcase on given singer’s vocal ability
castrato singers
men were castrated as boys before their voices changed so they could still sing the high parts
Moliere
wrote the librettos for Lully’s operas
The Big Three of Opera
- Luigi Rossi
- Francesco Cavalli
- Giovanni Gabrieli
Venus and Adonis
first English opera written by John Blow
Three Types of Opera
- Opera Seria
- Opera Buffa
- Ballade Opera
Opera Seria
serious, material was taken from history or myth
Opera Buffa
comical opera
Ballade Opera
spoken dialogue and songs set to the tune of old ballads
The Beggar’s Opera
written by Jon Gay, comic opera with spoken dialogue and familiar tunes, beginning of musical theatre
Gluck
from Vienna, simplified opera
Haydn
wrote sonatas, created the string quartet, and the symphony “Father of the Symphony”
sonatas
a regular series of three of four movements in order of tempo (fast slow fast)
Four parts of a sonata
- exposition: play the melody
- development: expand on the melody
- Recapitulation: restate the melody
- Coda: the ending
string quartet
2 violins and 2 cellos
symphony
orchestral version of a sonata
Hadyn’s Representative works
Farewell Symphony, Surprise symphony
Farewell Symphony
musicians needed a vacataion, they leave throughout the symphony
Surprise Symphony
contains a loud bang on the offbeat, Haydn noticed people were sleeping in the audience, this woke them up
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
musical prodigy, combined the best parts of Italian and German music, greatest composer of his age
Four Great Composers
- J.C. Bach
- Gluck
- Haydn
- Mozart
Alberti
designs new type of accompaniment
Alberti Bass
play top, middle, bottom, top note (broken chord)
Cristofori
master craftsman of keyboards, creates the pianoforte
Who popularized the piano forte?
Mozart
Palindrome
word that can be read both backward and forward and spells out the smae
Palindromic Duet
invented by Mozart, music can be read from top to bottom and upside down
Eine Kleine NAcht Musik
music that comes after dinner but before dessert
Benjamin Franklin
musician inventor, invented the armonica
armonica
like glasses filled with water except bowls that rotated by pressing a pedal, attached with strings, Mozart and Beethoven wrote music for it
Beethoven
transitional figure between classical and romantic period
Beethoven’s 3rd Symphony
dedicated to Napoleon, later changed the dedication to “the memory of a great man”; marks a turning point, music is no longer governed by classical rules
How many symphonies did Beethoven write?
9
Beethoven’s symphonies
expands the symphony (longer, louder, more dynamic), introduces trombones, scherzos introduced
scherzo
musical joke
Beethoven’s 9th
Ode to Joy, uses a vocal chorus
Beethoven’s Sonatas
“Pathetique”
“Moonlight”
“Apassionata”
Rasumousky Quartets
mark new change in Beethoven’s music, put out as much music as an orchestra could at the time
Beethoven’s Opera
Fidelo
Franz Schubert
turned poetry into song, can be considered the first romantic
Lieder
german art song
2 Formats of Lieder
- Through Compose: song developed from beginning to end
2. Strophic: constantly repeated verse form
Schubert’s Representative Works
- Unfinished Symphony
- The Great Symphony
- The Trout Quintet
De las Casas
Roman Catholic priest, responsible for conversions of people in the New World, writes about plights of the Natives and advises the Spanish crown to import Africans instead
Clave
also called “son” in Cuba, 3-2 or 2-3, basis of Latin Music
Music of Cuba
Rumba and the Congo
Music of Brazil
Samba and Bossa Nova, BN first latin American dance form to come to US
Music of Trinidad
Calypso
Music of Puerto Rico
Bomba and Salsa
Music of the Dominican Republic
Merengue, 3 influences Spanish, African, Native
Music of Argentina
Tango, beat on 1, lesser beat on 3
