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History of Music > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

baroque

A

literal meaning a “rough misshapen or imperfect pearl”

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2
Q

Why was the harpsichord important to the development of the baroque era?

A

it could play more than one note at a time, CHORDS

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3
Q

Figured bass

A
  • left hand notes are given, right hand is improvised, notation of left hand has note of chord and numberical symbols underneath that indicate what to play
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4
Q

Gabrieli

A

the concert master of the St. Mark’s Cathedral, style is referred to as colossal baroque, he invents modern orchestration, decides what instrument will play what ahead of time

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5
Q

Why was the violin so important?

A

it was loud, music was now being played in concert halls needed the sound to be heard

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6
Q

Crimona, Italy

A

where all the violin makers lived

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7
Q

Antonio Stradavari

A

creator of the Stradivarius violin

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8
Q

Stradivarius violin

A
  • violin created by Stradavari
  • mastery and perfection has not been matched since
  • sound is fuller, more bass, clearer sound
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9
Q

Corelli

A

composer of violin music, one of the first specialists; created sequences changing the key in the middle of the pieces

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10
Q

Vivaldi

A
  • created concerto grosso

- created solo concerto

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11
Q

concerto grosso

A

two violins and a cello have something like a debate/conversation between each other
divided into small sections called movements

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12
Q

solo concerto

A

one instrument is featured and the entire orchestra backs them up

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13
Q

Representative works of Vivaldi

A

The Four Seasons, Mandolin Concerto in C

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14
Q

baroque organ

A

instrument that took 70 men to operate, created a variety of sounds, prototype for the synthesizer

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15
Q

J.S. Bach

A
  • organ repairman who had genius ability to assess and repair organs
  • created fugue
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16
Q

Representative works of Bach

A
  • 6 Brandenburg Concertos

- Toccata and Fugue in D minor

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17
Q

Fugue

A

a composition for keyboard which follows a rigid set of rules for imitation and counterpoint

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18
Q

“The Well-Tempered Clavier”

A

The “well tuned” “keyboard”, two volumes, in tune can play with any instrument

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19
Q

Karl Phlipe Emmanuel Bach (KPE Bach)

A

based in Berlin

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20
Q

Johann Christian Bach

A

Based in London

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21
Q

Lully

A

worked in the court of Louis XIV, first French opera composer, watched tragic actors so his music would match the height of the drama, died conducting

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22
Q

Rameau

A

first person to write down scientific principles on constructing music, wrote the Treatise on Harmony, as a composer big on instrumentation, thought to be the first to use clarinet

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23
Q

Treatise on Harmony

A

book that stressed the importance of chords (first to propose a scientific basis to create harmony)

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24
Q

Couperin

A
  • epitome of baroque

- wrote keyboard music

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25
Q

King Charles II

A

created the 24 violins of the King (first stringed group)

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26
Q

Henry Purcell

A

1 musician in England, served under 3 kings, organist for Chapel Royal and Westminister Abbey, wrote the opera’s Dido and Aeneas, The Fairy Queen, adapted from a Midsummer Night’s

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27
Q

George Frederick Handel

A

creator of the oratorio

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28
Q

oratorio

A

extended vocal work with religious text (Messiah)

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29
Q

The Camerata

A

men’s club that discussed music, their purpose was to restore Greek Drama

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30
Q

Monody

A

one sound/voice

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31
Q

Basso Continuo

A

chords behind singing (realized)

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32
Q

Monte Verdi

A

music master, wrote Orfeo, brings back large orchestras

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33
Q

Jacopo Peri

A

wrote the first opera we know about, Euridice

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34
Q

Public Operas

A
  • open to wealthy and commoners

- became a social experience as well as an art

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35
Q

groundlings

A

people who stood in center floor section of theatre at the Globe

36
Q

Aria

A

a solo song within in an opera meant to showcase on given singer’s vocal ability

37
Q

castrato singers

A

men were castrated as boys before their voices changed so they could still sing the high parts

38
Q

Moliere

A

wrote the librettos for Lully’s operas

39
Q

The Big Three of Opera

A
  1. Luigi Rossi
  2. Francesco Cavalli
  3. Giovanni Gabrieli
40
Q

Venus and Adonis

A

first English opera written by John Blow

41
Q

Three Types of Opera

A
  1. Opera Seria
  2. Opera Buffa
  3. Ballade Opera
42
Q

Opera Seria

A

serious, material was taken from history or myth

43
Q

Opera Buffa

A

comical opera

44
Q

Ballade Opera

A

spoken dialogue and songs set to the tune of old ballads

45
Q

The Beggar’s Opera

A

written by Jon Gay, comic opera with spoken dialogue and familiar tunes, beginning of musical theatre

46
Q

Gluck

A

from Vienna, simplified opera

47
Q

Haydn

A

wrote sonatas, created the string quartet, and the symphony “Father of the Symphony”

48
Q

sonatas

A

a regular series of three of four movements in order of tempo (fast slow fast)

49
Q

Four parts of a sonata

A
  1. exposition: play the melody
  2. development: expand on the melody
  3. Recapitulation: restate the melody
  4. Coda: the ending
50
Q

string quartet

A

2 violins and 2 cellos

51
Q

symphony

A

orchestral version of a sonata

52
Q

Hadyn’s Representative works

A

Farewell Symphony, Surprise symphony

53
Q

Farewell Symphony

A

musicians needed a vacataion, they leave throughout the symphony

54
Q

Surprise Symphony

A

contains a loud bang on the offbeat, Haydn noticed people were sleeping in the audience, this woke them up

55
Q

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

A

musical prodigy, combined the best parts of Italian and German music, greatest composer of his age

56
Q

Four Great Composers

A
  1. J.C. Bach
  2. Gluck
  3. Haydn
  4. Mozart
57
Q

Alberti

A

designs new type of accompaniment

58
Q

Alberti Bass

A

play top, middle, bottom, top note (broken chord)

59
Q

Cristofori

A

master craftsman of keyboards, creates the pianoforte

60
Q

Who popularized the piano forte?

A

Mozart

61
Q

Palindrome

A

word that can be read both backward and forward and spells out the smae

62
Q

Palindromic Duet

A

invented by Mozart, music can be read from top to bottom and upside down

63
Q

Eine Kleine NAcht Musik

A

music that comes after dinner but before dessert

64
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

musician inventor, invented the armonica

65
Q

armonica

A

like glasses filled with water except bowls that rotated by pressing a pedal, attached with strings, Mozart and Beethoven wrote music for it

66
Q

Beethoven

A

transitional figure between classical and romantic period

67
Q

Beethoven’s 3rd Symphony

A

dedicated to Napoleon, later changed the dedication to “the memory of a great man”; marks a turning point, music is no longer governed by classical rules

68
Q

How many symphonies did Beethoven write?

A

9

69
Q

Beethoven’s symphonies

A

expands the symphony (longer, louder, more dynamic), introduces trombones, scherzos introduced

70
Q

scherzo

A

musical joke

71
Q

Beethoven’s 9th

A

Ode to Joy, uses a vocal chorus

72
Q

Beethoven’s Sonatas

A

“Pathetique”
“Moonlight”
“Apassionata”

73
Q

Rasumousky Quartets

A

mark new change in Beethoven’s music, put out as much music as an orchestra could at the time

74
Q

Beethoven’s Opera

A

Fidelo

75
Q

Franz Schubert

A

turned poetry into song, can be considered the first romantic

76
Q

Lieder

A

german art song

77
Q

2 Formats of Lieder

A
  1. Through Compose: song developed from beginning to end

2. Strophic: constantly repeated verse form

78
Q

Schubert’s Representative Works

A
  1. Unfinished Symphony
  2. The Great Symphony
  3. The Trout Quintet
79
Q

De las Casas

A

Roman Catholic priest, responsible for conversions of people in the New World, writes about plights of the Natives and advises the Spanish crown to import Africans instead

80
Q

Clave

A

also called “son” in Cuba, 3-2 or 2-3, basis of Latin Music

81
Q

Music of Cuba

A

Rumba and the Congo

82
Q

Music of Brazil

A

Samba and Bossa Nova, BN first latin American dance form to come to US

83
Q

Music of Trinidad

A

Calypso

84
Q

Music of Puerto Rico

A

Bomba and Salsa

85
Q

Music of the Dominican Republic

A

Merengue, 3 influences Spanish, African, Native

86
Q

Music of Argentina

A

Tango, beat on 1, lesser beat on 3

History of Music (3 decks)

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