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History of Music > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two kinds of music?

A

classical music and folk music

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2
Q

Classical music

A

art music

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3
Q

Folk music

A

music of the people

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4
Q

What is music?

A

rhythm, melody, and harmony

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5
Q

The African scale…

A

…uses a flat third and a flat seventh.

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6
Q

flue (ugad) (Egyptian Music)

A
  • 5-7 evenly placed holes

- pentatonic scale

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7
Q

sistrum (Egyptian Music)

A

metal instrument that made noise when shaken, important rattle used in religious ceremonies

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8
Q

shofar (Egyptian Music)

A

ram’s horn that was blown at the walls of Jericho, Joshua said to blow it

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9
Q

Muses (Greek Music)

A

nine daughters of Zeus who entertained the gods, ruled over the arts and provided inspiration

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10
Q

symposium (Greek Music)

A

banquets where Greeks dined, conversed, and listened to music

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11
Q

Aulos (Greek Music)

A

two reeds attached to a pipe with finger holes played by “flute girls”, used in worship of dionysus

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12
Q

“flute girls” (Greek Music)

A

played the aulos at Greek symposiums

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13
Q

kithara (Greek Music)

A

large harp, bigger version of the lyre, could be plucked or strummed

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14
Q

lyre (Greek Music)

A

small harp

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15
Q

Pythagoras

A
  • wrote down the rules for music theory

- figured out that if you cut a long string in have, the sound of the half-sized string is twice as high

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16
Q

Doctrine of Ethos (Greek Music)

A

discussed moral qualities/effects of music on humans, and how it affects behavior

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17
Q

dithyramb (Greek Music)

A

ancient Greek poetry used in the worship of Dionysus, that formed the foundation of ancient Greek theatre

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18
Q

Music in Greek Theatre

A
  • music was its own character

- was scenery, used to evoke emotion of scene

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19
Q

parakatalogue (Greek Music)

A

verbally read poems with music in the background, first instance of rap music

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20
Q

Boethius (Roman Music)

A

philosopher, wrote the book, The Principles of Music

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21
Q

Musica Enchiriadis (Roman Music)

A

1st attempt to devise rules for polyphony

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22
Q

polyphony

A

music that uses more than one voice at a time; the concept of more than one single line of melody at a time

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23
Q

Schola Cantorum

A

singing school for proper instruction of music

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24
Q

Gregorian Chants

A

earliest form of chant in the Catholic Church

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25
Q

mellismatic

A

describes an end section of music characterized by embellishment

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26
Q

trope

A

another musical piece added to the original plainsong

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27
Q

neumes

A

musical notation markings above lyrics to tell singers whether melody should rise and fall

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28
Q

Guido D’Arezzo

A

monk in Italy who…

  1. defined and named the musical syllables
  2. essentially invented conducting
  3. invents modern musical notation
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29
Q

Guidonian Hand

A

beginning of conducting, Guido D’Arezzo devised a way to use his hand in order to indicate a certain note be sung by pointing to a certain spot

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30
Q

Organum

A

harmony, polyphony (SEE SHEET)

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31
Q

Leonin and Perotin

A

created the different note values that indicate how long a note will last, allowed for rhythm notation; gave rise to more complicated sounds, motet, made it so voices could begin and end at the same time

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32
Q

motet

A

church choral music where the voices moved entirely in different notes and different rhythms; usually three voices, sometimes four, each sings diff melody, lowest voice sings in latin singing sacred text, upper voices sing in the vernacular singing secular text

33
Q

troubadours (Middle Ages Music)

A

noblemen who wrote ballads in vernacular, did not always sing them

34
Q

goliards (Middle Ages Music)

A

wandering clerics, or students, “divine students”, taught by clergy, create first real secular music, lots of satire

35
Q

Carmina Burana (Middle Ages Music)

A

most famous work of the goliards, ancient manuscript containing satire of the Church and medieval society

36
Q

jongleurs (Middle Ages Music)

A

continuation of the goliards, like modern news reporters travelled throughout Europe, bringing news with them

37
Q

estampies

A

dance songs, most popular form of music played by jongleurs

38
Q

heraldry

A

during the crusades jongleurs would identify dead and injured using the coat of arms

39
Q

What is the greatest achievement of the jongleurs?

A

mass communication

40
Q

Sumer is icumen in

A

first known round

41
Q

The English Dancing Master

A

by John Playfer, came out in 1960, collection of music from Middle Ages to 1680, had music and dance instructions

42
Q

Ars Nova (Renaissance Music)

A

“new art”, treatise by Philip De Virty that…

  1. different time values
  2. added rhythmic complexity
  3. increased range of singers (higher)
43
Q

Guillame de Machaut

A

1st celebrity composer in history

44
Q

Virelei

A

more upbeat/faster style of songs, sacred and secular

45
Q

3 Types of Secular Italian Music

A
  1. madrigal
  2. caccia
  3. ballata
46
Q

Madrigal

A

composition for two voices, singing same texts accompanied by two instruments that featured a riturnello

47
Q

riturnello

A

rhythmic change

48
Q

caccia

A

lively two voices in canon with supporting instrument moving slowly under the voices

49
Q

ballata

A

song used to accompany dancing

50
Q

Francesco Landini

A

famous Italian composer, known for his ballatas

51
Q

Burgundy

A

center of musical innovation in Flanders (now Belgium), center of Western secular culture

52
Q

Burgundian school of music

A

music from Burgundy

53
Q

Guillame Dufay

A

greatest Burgundian composer, composed for the Church but used popular tunes of the day

54
Q

Joaquin des Pres

A

composer of “The Cricket”, pop song of the time

55
Q

Petrucci

A

printing press for music, draws lines, puts notes on lines, then finally puts in words

56
Q

Orlando di Lasso

A

last great Burgundian composer

57
Q

Palestrina

A

raises art of harmony to a new level, but still simplified; simplified Church music

58
Q

Henry VIII

A

wrote “Greensleeves” and “Pastime With Good Company”; formed the Chapel Royal

59
Q

The Chapel Royal

A

32 male voices and 12 boys, followed Henry wherever he went, still exists today

60
Q

William Byrd

A

elected as leader of Chapel Royal, greatest English composer of his time (sacred and secular)

61
Q

John Dowland

A

writes music especially for the lute

62
Q

virginal

A

cut down harpsichord, played by the women, portable keyboard

63
Q

Thomas Morely

A

most popular composer in Elizabethan England, musical style employed in Shakespeare’s plays; wrote English madrigals

64
Q

psalms

A

songs for praise and worship

65
Q

Delphic Hymn

A

Earliest piece of music that still exists

66
Q

Pope Gregory

A

collected chants and created a lexicon for them; these came to be known as Gregorian Chants

67
Q

Medieval Instruments

A 
hurdy gurdy
rebec
viols
harp
sackbut
harp
recorder
crumhorn
68
Q

Philip De Vitry

A

wrote Ars Nova

69
Q

Roman de Fauve

A

collection of musical compositions including 33 motets, used new musical device, isorhythmic

70
Q

isorhythmic

A

repeated rhythm pattern

71
Q

bass

A

quiet

72
Q

haut

A

loud

73
Q

Two keyboard instruments

A

clavichord and harpsichord

74
Q

English madrigals

A

like motets

75
Q

Parallel organum

A

Consists of two voice parts moving in parallel motion a 4th or 5th apart

76
Q

Converging parallel organum

A

Two voice parts begin in a u soon pitch, then while one voice remains stationary, the other voice moves until an interval of a 4th is reached, then both voices move in a parallel motion converging back to a unison pitch at the end of each phrase

77
Q

Melismatic organum

A

This type f polyphony uses a Gregorian chant as a ‘tenor’ in long held out notes above which another melody is added, with many notes against each ‘tenor’ note (trope)

78
Q

Free organum

A

Advanced style that makes use of melodic independence and contrary motion in the voice parts

79
Q

Characteristics of Gregorian Chants

A
  • plainsong, tied to accent of latin words
  • monophonic, one line of melody
  • syllabic, one syllable per note

History of Music (3 decks)

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