UNIT 1 Flashcards
What are the two kinds of music?
classical music and folk music
Classical music
art music
Folk music
music of the people
What is music?
rhythm, melody, and harmony
The African scale…
…uses a flat third and a flat seventh.
flue (ugad) (Egyptian Music)
- 5-7 evenly placed holes
- pentatonic scale
sistrum (Egyptian Music)
metal instrument that made noise when shaken, important rattle used in religious ceremonies
shofar (Egyptian Music)
ram’s horn that was blown at the walls of Jericho, Joshua said to blow it
Muses (Greek Music)
nine daughters of Zeus who entertained the gods, ruled over the arts and provided inspiration
symposium (Greek Music)
banquets where Greeks dined, conversed, and listened to music
Aulos (Greek Music)
two reeds attached to a pipe with finger holes played by “flute girls”, used in worship of dionysus
“flute girls” (Greek Music)
played the aulos at Greek symposiums
kithara (Greek Music)
large harp, bigger version of the lyre, could be plucked or strummed
lyre (Greek Music)
small harp
Pythagoras
- wrote down the rules for music theory
- figured out that if you cut a long string in have, the sound of the half-sized string is twice as high
Doctrine of Ethos (Greek Music)
discussed moral qualities/effects of music on humans, and how it affects behavior
dithyramb (Greek Music)
ancient Greek poetry used in the worship of Dionysus, that formed the foundation of ancient Greek theatre
Music in Greek Theatre
- music was its own character
- was scenery, used to evoke emotion of scene
parakatalogue (Greek Music)
verbally read poems with music in the background, first instance of rap music
Boethius (Roman Music)
philosopher, wrote the book, The Principles of Music
Musica Enchiriadis (Roman Music)
1st attempt to devise rules for polyphony
polyphony
music that uses more than one voice at a time; the concept of more than one single line of melody at a time
Schola Cantorum
singing school for proper instruction of music
Gregorian Chants
earliest form of chant in the Catholic Church
mellismatic
describes an end section of music characterized by embellishment
trope
another musical piece added to the original plainsong
neumes
musical notation markings above lyrics to tell singers whether melody should rise and fall
Guido D’Arezzo
monk in Italy who…
- defined and named the musical syllables
- essentially invented conducting
- invents modern musical notation
Guidonian Hand
beginning of conducting, Guido D’Arezzo devised a way to use his hand in order to indicate a certain note be sung by pointing to a certain spot
Organum
harmony, polyphony (SEE SHEET)
Leonin and Perotin
created the different note values that indicate how long a note will last, allowed for rhythm notation; gave rise to more complicated sounds, motet, made it so voices could begin and end at the same time
motet
church choral music where the voices moved entirely in different notes and different rhythms; usually three voices, sometimes four, each sings diff melody, lowest voice sings in latin singing sacred text, upper voices sing in the vernacular singing secular text
troubadours (Middle Ages Music)
noblemen who wrote ballads in vernacular, did not always sing them
goliards (Middle Ages Music)
wandering clerics, or students, “divine students”, taught by clergy, create first real secular music, lots of satire
Carmina Burana (Middle Ages Music)
most famous work of the goliards, ancient manuscript containing satire of the Church and medieval society
jongleurs (Middle Ages Music)
continuation of the goliards, like modern news reporters travelled throughout Europe, bringing news with them
estampies
dance songs, most popular form of music played by jongleurs
heraldry
during the crusades jongleurs would identify dead and injured using the coat of arms
What is the greatest achievement of the jongleurs?
mass communication
Sumer is icumen in
first known round
The English Dancing Master
by John Playfer, came out in 1960, collection of music from Middle Ages to 1680, had music and dance instructions
Ars Nova (Renaissance Music)
“new art”, treatise by Philip De Virty that…
- different time values
- added rhythmic complexity
- increased range of singers (higher)
Guillame de Machaut
1st celebrity composer in history
Virelei
more upbeat/faster style of songs, sacred and secular
3 Types of Secular Italian Music
- madrigal
- caccia
- ballata
Madrigal
composition for two voices, singing same texts accompanied by two instruments that featured a riturnello
riturnello
rhythmic change
caccia
lively two voices in canon with supporting instrument moving slowly under the voices
ballata
song used to accompany dancing
Francesco Landini
famous Italian composer, known for his ballatas
Burgundy
center of musical innovation in Flanders (now Belgium), center of Western secular culture
Burgundian school of music
music from Burgundy
Guillame Dufay
greatest Burgundian composer, composed for the Church but used popular tunes of the day
Joaquin des Pres
composer of “The Cricket”, pop song of the time
Petrucci
printing press for music, draws lines, puts notes on lines, then finally puts in words
Orlando di Lasso
last great Burgundian composer
Palestrina
raises art of harmony to a new level, but still simplified; simplified Church music
Henry VIII
wrote “Greensleeves” and “Pastime With Good Company”; formed the Chapel Royal
The Chapel Royal
32 male voices and 12 boys, followed Henry wherever he went, still exists today
William Byrd
elected as leader of Chapel Royal, greatest English composer of his time (sacred and secular)
John Dowland
writes music especially for the lute
virginal
cut down harpsichord, played by the women, portable keyboard
Thomas Morely
most popular composer in Elizabethan England, musical style employed in Shakespeare’s plays; wrote English madrigals
psalms
songs for praise and worship
Delphic Hymn
Earliest piece of music that still exists
Pope Gregory
collected chants and created a lexicon for them; these came to be known as Gregorian Chants
Medieval Instruments
hurdy gurdy rebec viols harp sackbut harp recorder crumhorn
Philip De Vitry
wrote Ars Nova
Roman de Fauve
collection of musical compositions including 33 motets, used new musical device, isorhythmic
isorhythmic
repeated rhythm pattern
bass
quiet
haut
loud
Two keyboard instruments
clavichord and harpsichord
English madrigals
like motets
Parallel organum
Consists of two voice parts moving in parallel motion a 4th or 5th apart
Converging parallel organum
Two voice parts begin in a u soon pitch, then while one voice remains stationary, the other voice moves until an interval of a 4th is reached, then both voices move in a parallel motion converging back to a unison pitch at the end of each phrase
Melismatic organum
This type f polyphony uses a Gregorian chant as a ‘tenor’ in long held out notes above which another melody is added, with many notes against each ‘tenor’ note (trope)
Free organum
Advanced style that makes use of melodic independence and contrary motion in the voice parts
Characteristics of Gregorian Chants
- plainsong, tied to accent of latin words
- monophonic, one line of melody
- syllabic, one syllable per note
