Unit 2 Flashcards
0
Q
332 BCE
A
Persia was conquered by Alexander the Great and Greeks take over Israel
1
Q
5th and 4th century CE
A
Jews were under Persian rule technically but ruled themselves
2
Q
Alexander the Great
A
Conquered persia-> made Greece rule over israel + Persian empire
3
Q
Ptolemaic empire
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Began in about 300 BCE when Ptolemy conqured egypt and the delivers concoured Syria. Ptolemy took over Israel and ruled it, allowed jews to worship and make sacrifices as long as they sacrificed in ptolemys name GREEK DYNASTY IN EGYPT
4
Q
Seluced empire/dynasty
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200 BCE seluceds concur israel from Ptolemy -> let them continue as they were but instead they have to sacrifice in the name of the seluced empire GREEK DYNASTY IN SYRIA
5
Q
Antiochus IV
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Became king of Seluced empire, in 168 BCE he prohibited jews from practicing Judaism (specifically): Shabbat Torah Circumcision Celebrating Rosh Chodesh (new month)
6
Q
Hasmoneans
A
Family of priests living in Modiin, known as Macabees because they led the rebellion against Antiochus. eventually became the high priest family
7
Q
Matityahu
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Father in the Hasmonean family
8
Q
Kidush Hashem
A
“sanctifying the name” -> dying in the name of God
9
Q
פיקוך נפש
A
For the sake of saving a life, you may break shabbat
10
Q
Rebellion against antiochus
A
Lead by maccabees(Hasmonean family), Began in 168 BCE Greeks often attacked on shabbat-> made the rule of pikut nefesh 165 BCE the rebels made it to jerusalem where the temple had been defiled with an alter to Zeus and pig sacrifices, JEWS WERE INDEPENDENT FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 400 YEARS War didnt end there
11
Q
Simon the Hasmonean
A
Became the high priest of the temple, which had previously been a position held by aristocracy. *turned into a monarchy of the Hasmonean family*
12
Q
Hasmonean hellenization
A
John hyrucanus’ children all had Hellenistic names and showed Hellenistic influences
13
Q
John hyrucanus
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Simons son becomes king after Simon(simon wasnt a king but it turned into a monarchy following him) Concures Idumea and forced conversion-> BIGGEST MISTAKES
14
Q
Hyrucanus and aristobulus
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Alexander Yanni (son of John)’s children who fought over the throne and asked Romans who they thought it should be. Rome got rid of both and took over
15
Q
Pompey
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Ronan emperor who in 63 BCE let Hyremoneous be the high priest Pompey let Antipater an idumean prince be king
16
Q
Antipater
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Idumean prince who was jewish by force but didn’t like Jews who became king of Israel.
17
Q
Herod
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Son of Antipater, jewish by force, pro roman and Hellenistic but kept many jewish traditions. Married a Hasmonean girl to become officially a part of the royal family Built Judea economically and politically Built masada, ceaseria, winter palace in Jericho, summer palace in jerusalem, built up hamachpela and remodeled the beit hamikdash
18
Q
Herods buildings
A
Masada, cesaria (roman capitol ), palaces in Jerusalem and Jehrico, machpela, BEIT HAMIKDASH
19
Q
Procurators
A
Romans removed Herods son from rule and decided to appoint procurators to rule instead in 6CE They were senior roman officers nearing retirement, made a lot of money off of Jews
20
Q
Second temple period
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Lasted 600 years Many movements formed: Pharicees Sadducees Essenes Zealots
21
Q
Sadducees
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-wealthy group mainly in Jerusalem -ONLY BELIVED IN THE TORAH-> no interpretation -influenced by Hellenistic culture -only supported by the rich -often in control of the Beit Hamikdash-> always fought with pharicess for it
22
Q
Pharisees
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-strictly religious -believed strongly in Halacha -oral and written tradition were equally important -fought Sadducees for power -largest group -rabbi Hillel(
23
Q
Esseens
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Hippie motherfuckers who were: -male only -owned no property (very poor) -hated politics but believed theyd concure the whole world -spiritual baithing (mikvah ) -lived in the middle of the desert -didn’t like any other group of Jews or non Jews
24
Zealots
-mostly made up of Pharisees -people who believed that they needed to fight against the Romans -hated Romans and any Jews who wouldn't help fight back
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Pontius pilot
One of the main roman procurators
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Rebellion against the Romans
Zealots take control of Jews and have them rebel against the Romans in 66CE Romans taken by surprise and Jews kicked them out of the country Vespasian and Titus appointed commanders of the roman army to reinvade Romans invade slowly, killing and taking Jews as prisoners Jews have last stand in yodafat but Romans win
27
Yoseph Ben matityahu
A Cohen pharicee who became leader of Jews in the Galil during the rebellion, prepared Jews to resist but they weren't strong enough He was captured after having his army kill themselves, made a deal with his captors and goes to the roman side-\> changed his name to JOSEPHUS (wrote a chronical of the war)
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Pilgramage holidays
Passover, Shavuot, sukkot
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Destruction of Jerusalem
Zealots insured that no one got in or out of Jerusalem during the seige -a small group escaped to masada Zealots burnt donated supplies Titus destroyed beit Hamikdash and Jerusalem
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Mikvah
Ritual bath Used for purifying and conversion
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Yochanan Ben zakkai
Pretended he died during roman seige to get out of the city,tells Vespasian a prophecy that he will become emperor and when it comes true Vespasian offers him one wish-\> he asks for yavneh as a refuge for himself and other sages Developed rabbinic Judaism
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Yavneh
A town that became home to rabbi yochanan Ben Zakkai following the fall of Jerusalem Sanhedrin eventually moved here Where rabbinic Judaism developed
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Sinat chinam
means hate for free or senseless hate If Jews hadnt all hated eachother, Jerusalem may not have been destroyed
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Vespasian
Roman commander who became emperor after Jerusalem fell
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Isaiah inscription on the wall
A line from isah written on the Cotel that talks about israels bones growing like grass-\> shows hope for the future
36
Zealots on Masada
66-73 BCE Rome sent procurators to masada but they didn't do anything-\> eventually killed by zealots In the 66CE rebellion a small group of zealots escaped Jerusalem to Masada When Jerusalem fell in 70 CE ~986 more people escaped to masada Zealots lived off of food and water from Herod
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Elazar Ben Yair
Lead the zealots
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Shenit Masada Lo tipol
Masada will not fall again
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Romans on Masada
Tried to starve OHT Jews but they couldn't prevented Jews from running by surrounding the mountan Created a ramp up the mountan through a 6 month project Zealots on Masada commit suicide to avoid roman captivity
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Sanhedrin
Jewish Supreme Court
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Nasi
Means prince-\> head of the Sanhedrin
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Things to remember the temple:
Breaking glass at a wedding Fast days Piece of a house unpainted Ash on forehead at a wedding
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שחרית
Morning service
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מנחה
Afternoon service
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מעריב
Evening service
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Rabbinical Judaism of yavneh
3 set daily prayers-\> made Judaism universal Torah study became a central part Let anyone learned have the opportunity to become a rabbi Mitzvot
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Beit din
Local court
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Beit Midrash
House of study
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Simon Ben Kosba
Many Jews identified him as the messiah, prepares people for rebellion against Romans through surprise attacks in caves Nickname becomes bar kochba-\> son of a star
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Bar kochba revolt
Jews attack Romans from behind in caves, steal their arms and kill them Emperor Hadrian brings in a general from Scotland who worked to smoke out Jews, kochba set up a headquarters in bekoar 135 Romans destroy city and kill Kochba
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Hadrian
Wants to destroy Judaism-\> renames Judea "Syria-Palestina" and jerusalem Aleia capitolina Made jerusalem a pagan city Made a long list of rules for which there was a death penalty Prohibited circumcision
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Aleia capitolina
The name of the paganized jerusalem under Hadrian
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Hananya Ben teradon
A great rabbi who was captured by Romans and sentenced to death. He was burned and wrapped in a Torah scroll, as he died he said "the parchment is burning but the letters fly free"
54
Rabbi Akiva
One of the greatest rabbis Taught and qualified students despite hadrians rules about Torah study It's dangerous to study Torah, but if they stopped theyd have nothing left Romans kills him by combing his skin off in a stadium Akiva said the shma while he died-\> "you shall love God with all your soul even at the moment when your soul is being taken away"
55
JESUS
born 1 CE and crucified approx 33CE Named yeshua Possibly born in Bethlehem but it could be false Says he wants to confirm laws of Torah Pharicee
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New Testament
Made up of four gospels which bring "good news" aka showing accounts of jesus as the massiah
57
Mathew
Jew, wrote in hebrew about JESUS Starts his gospel with עלה תולדות-\> gives connection to the Torah to legitimize it Explains the birth line of jesus but ends up going into how it's for joseph HUSBAND of mary not father of jesus
58
JESUS' death
Went to jerusalem for passover Betrayed by Judas-\> pointed JESUS out to soldiers Matza -\> this is my body Wine-\> this is my blood Arrested and taken to Sadducees for a trial, after he is condemned there he is sent to romans for trial, romans beg jews in crowd not to kill him but jews "force" him
59
Problems with Jesus' death
Problems: 1. Sanhedrin couldn't meet because it was a festival and they were drinking and it was night 2. Ask jesus if he is "son of God"-\> not a jewish concept so how could they ask it? 3. Either a criminal or JESUS would die-\> the Jews would have picked to save JESUS or try to save both 4. Romans wouldn't have asked what to do with him and Pilot would have been able to save him if he wants 5. Jews wouldn't ask for crucifixion
60
Paul/shaul
Went to Damascus to persecute Christians but on the way changed his mind and became a Christian Said faith in Jesus replace Torah law and that keeping commandments was bad ESSENTIALLY CHANGED CHRISTIANITY TO WHAT IT IS NOW
61
Judea Capta coin
When Judea was captured by the Romans they made a victory coin to celebrate
62
Hillel
Pharicee rabbi who's main focus was on morality
63
תנאים
Rabbi Akivas followers
64
Shimon Bar Yochai
Rabbi who hid in a cave and studied mysticism , wrote the Zohar
65
Rabbi yehuda hanasi
Took the oral Torah and wrote it down-\> called Mishnah Organized in 6 areas: 1.agricultural laws 2. Festivals 3.property and damages 4. Male and female interactions 5. Laws of purity and impurity 6. Laws of the beit hamikdash
66
Mishnah
Oral Torah written down by Yehuda Hanassi
67
Amorim
3rd and 4th century scholars who studied in beit Midrash
68
Gemara
Commentary on mishna
69
Yeshiva
Places of Torah study
70
Talmud
Mishna and Gemara combined
71
Jerusalem Talmud
Mishna + Gemara produced in 400 CE in tiberias
72
Babylonian Talmud
Mishnah+Gemara finished in 500 CE
73
St Augustine
saint who said that Jews can't be killed because it's a worse punishment to let them live and make their lives hell
74
Witness theory
Jews must be allowed to live and suffer on earth witnessing that Christianity is the right religion-\> like Cain they are marked to be humiliated but not killed
75
St John chrysostom
A saint who said that Jews should be killed for killing JESUS
76
Halacha
Jewish law
77
Mohammad
Illiterate pagan Shepard who went out into the wilderness and saw a vision of the angel Gabriel who told him that he was the last prophet and dictated the Quran to him-\> became the first MUSLIM and spread the religion of Islam
78
Koran
Muslim holy book
79
Kaaba
Black rock (most likely a meteorite) in Mecca that is considered holy to Muslims
80
Hejira
622 CE when Muhammad fled Mecca to medina Officially Considered the begining of Islam
81
Hajj
Pilgramage to Mecca that all Muslims are required to take in their lifetimes
82
Five pillars of Islam
-shahadda-\> confession of faith -salat -\> 5 times daily prayer -zakat-\> giving charity -hajj-\> pilgrimage to Mecca -observance of Ramadan
83
Changes from Judaism to Islam
When Jews wouldn't convert to Islam, mohhammad changed many things that had originally been included in the religion: -made prayer 5 times a day (instead of 3) -made prayer towards Mecca (instead of Jerusalem) -made day of rest on Friday (instead of saturday) -month long fast of Ramadan (instead of shorter jewish fasts)
84
Al dhimi
A second class citizen under Muslim rule (any JEW or Christian)
85
Jihad
Holy war- war in the name of Islam. Anyone who died in jihad was called a shahid and went straight to heaven
86
Mecca
Most important Muslim holy city, where Muhhamad came from and the Kaaba is located
87
Medina
Second holiest Muslim city, where Muhhamad fled after he was kicked out of Mecca
88
Jerusalem
Third holiest Muslim city-\> in 632 when mohhammad died he got on his horse and rode to the "further most mosque" which in ARIBIC is "al aqusa" and goes to heaven from there
89
Gaon
Jewish spiritual leaders who lead Talmudic academies from the 7th to the 13th century
90
Responsa
Letters written back and forth between scholars and people who had halachic questions
91
Golden age in sphard
Dhimmi rules in Spain were sometimes but not always put into practice-\> resulted in Jews flourishing and becoming prominent
92
Reconquest of Spain
in 1212 the Catholics took spain over from the Muslims
93
Rabbi yehuda halevi
"My heart is in the east but the rest of me in the west" Wrote the Kuzari, a philosophical book defending Jews against attacks on their beliefs
94
Kuzari
a philosophical book defending Jews against attacks on their beliefs
95
"My heart is in the east but the rest of me far in the west"
From the poem "my heart is in the east" by yehuda halevi, it is saying how even though physically they were in the west(Spain) their hearts would always remain with israel in the east
96
Rambam
Rabbi Moshe Ben Maimon (maimonedes) Lived in Muslim Spain in the 12th century, had to flee to Egypt Wrote a commentary on the mishna Reorganized the Talmud into the mishna Torah Wrote the "guide to the perplexed" which is one of the most important jewish philisophical texts
97
Mishna Torah
Code of jewish law organized by maimonedes (rambam)
98
Ladino
A language for sphardic Jews (like YIDDISH for Ashkenazis) Many poems
99
Forced debates
The church would call on Jews and force them to debate issues in front of various clergy and church officials
100
Moranos
Jews who pretended to convert during the spanish inquisition Means pigs
101
Spanish Expulsion
In 1492 when the SPANISH kicked out or forced to convert all Jews and Muslims in Spain
102
Ashkenaz
Jews who settled in France and Germany and were ruled by Christians
103
Charters
Sometimes, in Ashkenazi lands the Jews would be granted charters for land in return for providing a certain service to the Christians living there Whenever a charter was revoked they had to leave and all their money etc would be taken from them
104
Rashi
Rabbi shlomo Ben yischack Mostly studied Torah commentary + commented on the Talmud ~1040-1106
105
Rabbenu Gershon
Ashkenazi Made rules such as divorce only by consent, no bigomy/polygamy, no reading personal correspondence
106
Ashkenazi Jewish proffesions
BANKING because it was against Christianity to be bankers but it was a necessary job, so Jews worked in banking for them
107
Crusades
Began in 1096 after pope urban called for a crusade to regain the holy land from the Muslims. The very first in 1096 failed miserably but in 1099 they came more prepared than the first time. Massacred Jews as they went on the way to israel, wiped out much of Ashkenazi jewery
108
Reasons to go on a crusade
-get dolla bill$ -holly mission to get back the holy land -will of God -promised heaven if you went on a crusade -redemption from sin
109
Why did the crusader kingdom fall?
-No real rules/morality -didn't belong in israel-never got to know the agriculture etc -not one group-\> all from different areas and had different languages -transplant population-\> Poole came and left -EUROPE stopped funding after they conquered
110
Blood libel
Belief that Jews used Christian blood to bake matzo (thought they killed a little boy and drank his blood, resulted in massacres of Jews)
111
Host desecration
Belief that Jews desecrated the host (cracker eaten during communion) by stabbing it
112
Black plauge
1/3 of EUROPEAN population died, less Jews died because of good hygiene so people said that Jews were poisoning the water Resulted in massacres of Jews
113
YIDDISH
Language that Ashkenazi Jews spoke
114
Yoseph Caro
Lived in Ottoman Empire after fleeing Spain Studied Halacha and Kabbala Wrote a commentary on the Torah with kabbalistic ideas Put all the laws together and laid them out easily in the shulcha news a rough
115
The Ari
Rabbi issac Luria GENUIS in all rabbinical areas but focused on Kabbala Settled in tzvat Taught students on tiyulim instead of in a classroom Instituted kabalat Shabbat
116
Kaballah
Jewish mysticism- spiritual connections
117
Zohar
Most important book on Kabbala written by shimon bar yochai
118
Vaad arba haartzot
The council of 4 lands which connected jewish communities
119
Baal Shem tov
Israel Ben eliezer created the hasidic movement -touched Jews who felt lost and powerless because they couldn't study as much Torah -emphasizes celebration and joy
120
Rebbe
A leader of a Jewish community who you could go to with various problems and personal advice, not only halachic law
121
Hasidut
Chasidic movement which focused on being a righteous person and singing and joyousness
122
Gaon of vilna
Lithuanian Kabbalist who said you couldn't study Kabbala until you knew enough of all other branches of Jewish study Sanctity in texts and studying Early Zionist Established Torah study in Lithuanian yeshivot 1720-1799
123
Mitnagim
Followers of the gaon of vilna who opposed chasidism
124
1750 BCE
Patriarchs and matriarchs
125
1280 BCE
Moses and exodus from Egypt
126
1240 BCE
Joshua concoured israel
127
1200-1000 BCE
Period of the judges
128
1025-928 BCE
United monarchy under Saul, david and Solomon
129
722 BCE
Northern kingdom of israel conquered by Assyrians
130
701 BCE
Assyrians attack Judea and hezikiah saves jerusalem
131
586 BCE
9th of av Babylonians destroy first temple
132
536 BCE
Shivat Zion- return to Zion
133
516 BCE
dedication of the second temple
134
332 BCE
Alexander the Great conquers israel+ Persian empire
135
168 BCE
Maccabean revolt
136
165 BCE
Jerusalem liberated- first hannukah
137
63 BCE
Judean taken over by Romans under pompey
138
37-4 BCE
Reign of herod
139
6-66 CE
Rule of roman procurators
140
66-70 CE
Great revolt against Romans
141
70 CE
Titus destroys second temple
142
73 CE
Fall of masada
143
132-135 CE
bar kochba revolts
144
200 CE
Rabbi yehuda hanasi compels mishna
145
400 CE
Jerusalem Talmud completed
146
500 CE
Babylonian Talmud completed
147
622
Hejira- Muhhamad founds Islam
148
1096 CE
First crusade
149
1212 CE
Christians reconqure Spain
150
1492
Jews expelled from Spain on 9th of av
151
1648 CE
Chmielnicki massacres
152
1666 CE
Shabtai zvi revealed as false massiah
153
Judaism vs Hellenism
154
4 holy cities
