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Unit 2 Flashcards

0
Q

332 BCE

A

Persia was conquered by Alexander the Great and Greeks take over Israel

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1
Q

5th and 4th century CE

A

Jews were under Persian rule technically but ruled themselves

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2
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Conquered persia-> made Greece rule over israel + Persian empire

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3
Q

Ptolemaic empire

A

Began in about 300 BCE when Ptolemy conqured egypt and the delivers concoured Syria. Ptolemy took over Israel and ruled it, allowed jews to worship and make sacrifices as long as they sacrificed in ptolemys name GREEK DYNASTY IN EGYPT

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4
Q

Seluced empire/dynasty

A

200 BCE seluceds concur israel from Ptolemy -> let them continue as they were but instead they have to sacrifice in the name of the seluced empire GREEK DYNASTY IN SYRIA

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5
Q

Antiochus IV

A

Became king of Seluced empire, in 168 BCE he prohibited jews from practicing Judaism (specifically): Shabbat Torah Circumcision Celebrating Rosh Chodesh (new month)

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6
Q

Hasmoneans

A

Family of priests living in Modiin, known as Macabees because they led the rebellion against Antiochus. eventually became the high priest family

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7
Q

Matityahu

A

Father in the Hasmonean family

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8
Q

Kidush Hashem

A

“sanctifying the name” -> dying in the name of God

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9
Q

פיקוך נפש

A

For the sake of saving a life, you may break shabbat

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10
Q

Rebellion against antiochus

A

Lead by maccabees(Hasmonean family), Began in 168 BCE Greeks often attacked on shabbat-> made the rule of pikut nefesh 165 BCE the rebels made it to jerusalem where the temple had been defiled with an alter to Zeus and pig sacrifices, JEWS WERE INDEPENDENT FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 400 YEARS War didnt end there

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11
Q

Simon the Hasmonean

A

Became the high priest of the temple, which had previously been a position held by aristocracy. *turned into a monarchy of the Hasmonean family*

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12
Q

Hasmonean hellenization

A

John hyrucanus’ children all had Hellenistic names and showed Hellenistic influences

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13
Q

John hyrucanus

A

Simons son becomes king after Simon(simon wasnt a king but it turned into a monarchy following him) Concures Idumea and forced conversion-> BIGGEST MISTAKES

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14
Q

Hyrucanus and aristobulus

A

Alexander Yanni (son of John)’s children who fought over the throne and asked Romans who they thought it should be. Rome got rid of both and took over

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15
Q

Pompey

A

Ronan emperor who in 63 BCE let Hyremoneous be the high priest Pompey let Antipater an idumean prince be king

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16
Q

Antipater

A

Idumean prince who was jewish by force but didn’t like Jews who became king of Israel.

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17
Q

Herod

A

Son of Antipater, jewish by force, pro roman and Hellenistic but kept many jewish traditions. Married a Hasmonean girl to become officially a part of the royal family Built Judea economically and politically Built masada, ceaseria, winter palace in Jericho, summer palace in jerusalem, built up hamachpela and remodeled the beit hamikdash

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18
Q

Herods buildings

A

Masada, cesaria (roman capitol ), palaces in Jerusalem and Jehrico, machpela, BEIT HAMIKDASH

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19
Q

Procurators

A

Romans removed Herods son from rule and decided to appoint procurators to rule instead in 6CE They were senior roman officers nearing retirement, made a lot of money off of Jews

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20
Q

Second temple period

A

Lasted 600 years Many movements formed: Pharicees Sadducees Essenes Zealots

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21
Q

Sadducees

A

-wealthy group mainly in Jerusalem -ONLY BELIVED IN THE TORAH-> no interpretation -influenced by Hellenistic culture -only supported by the rich -often in control of the Beit Hamikdash-> always fought with pharicess for it

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22
Q

Pharisees

A

-strictly religious -believed strongly in Halacha -oral and written tradition were equally important -fought Sadducees for power -largest group -rabbi Hillel(

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23
Q

Esseens

A

Hippie motherfuckers who were: -male only -owned no property (very poor) -hated politics but believed theyd concure the whole world -spiritual baithing (mikvah ) -lived in the middle of the desert -didn’t like any other group of Jews or non Jews

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24
Q

Zealots

A

-mostly made up of Pharisees -people who believed that they needed to fight against the Romans -hated Romans and any Jews who wouldn’t help fight back

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25
Q

Pontius pilot

A

One of the main roman procurators

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26
Q

Rebellion against the Romans

A

Zealots take control of Jews and have them rebel against the Romans in 66CE Romans taken by surprise and Jews kicked them out of the country Vespasian and Titus appointed commanders of the roman army to reinvade Romans invade slowly, killing and taking Jews as prisoners Jews have last stand in yodafat but Romans win

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27
Q

Yoseph Ben matityahu

A

A Cohen pharicee who became leader of Jews in the Galil during the rebellion, prepared Jews to resist but they weren’t strong enough He was captured after having his army kill themselves, made a deal with his captors and goes to the roman side-> changed his name to JOSEPHUS (wrote a chronical of the war)

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28
Q

Pilgramage holidays

A

Passover, Shavuot, sukkot

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29
Q

Destruction of Jerusalem

A

Zealots insured that no one got in or out of Jerusalem during the seige -a small group escaped to masada Zealots burnt donated supplies Titus destroyed beit Hamikdash and Jerusalem

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30
Q

Mikvah

A

Ritual bath Used for purifying and conversion

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31
Q

Yochanan Ben zakkai

A

Pretended he died during roman seige to get out of the city,tells Vespasian a prophecy that he will become emperor and when it comes true Vespasian offers him one wish-> he asks for yavneh as a refuge for himself and other sages Developed rabbinic Judaism

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32
Q

Yavneh

A

A town that became home to rabbi yochanan Ben Zakkai following the fall of Jerusalem Sanhedrin eventually moved here Where rabbinic Judaism developed

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33
Q

Sinat chinam

A

means hate for free or senseless hate If Jews hadnt all hated eachother, Jerusalem may not have been destroyed

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34
Q

Vespasian

A

Roman commander who became emperor after Jerusalem fell

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35
Q

Isaiah inscription on the wall

A

A line from isah written on the Cotel that talks about israels bones growing like grass-> shows hope for the future

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36
Q

Zealots on Masada

A

66-73 BCE Rome sent procurators to masada but they didn’t do anything-> eventually killed by zealots In the 66CE rebellion a small group of zealots escaped Jerusalem to Masada When Jerusalem fell in 70 CE ~986 more people escaped to masada Zealots lived off of food and water from Herod

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37
Q

Elazar Ben Yair

A

Lead the zealots

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38
Q

Shenit Masada Lo tipol

A

Masada will not fall again

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39
Q

Romans on Masada

A

Tried to starve OHT Jews but they couldn’t prevented Jews from running by surrounding the mountan Created a ramp up the mountan through a 6 month project Zealots on Masada commit suicide to avoid roman captivity

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40
Q

Sanhedrin

A

Jewish Supreme Court

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41
Q

Nasi

A

Means prince-> head of the Sanhedrin

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42
Q

Things to remember the temple:

A

Breaking glass at a wedding Fast days Piece of a house unpainted Ash on forehead at a wedding

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43
Q

שחרית

A

Morning service

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44
Q

מנחה

A

Afternoon service

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45
Q

מעריב

A

Evening service

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46
Q

Rabbinical Judaism of yavneh

A

3 set daily prayers-> made Judaism universal Torah study became a central part Let anyone learned have the opportunity to become a rabbi Mitzvot

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47
Q

Beit din

A

Local court

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48
Q

Beit Midrash

A

House of study

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49
Q

Simon Ben Kosba

A

Many Jews identified him as the messiah, prepares people for rebellion against Romans through surprise attacks in caves Nickname becomes bar kochba-> son of a star

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50
Q

Bar kochba revolt

A

Jews attack Romans from behind in caves, steal their arms and kill them Emperor Hadrian brings in a general from Scotland who worked to smoke out Jews, kochba set up a headquarters in bekoar 135 Romans destroy city and kill Kochba

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51
Q

Hadrian

A

Wants to destroy Judaism-> renames Judea “Syria-Palestina” and jerusalem Aleia capitolina Made jerusalem a pagan city Made a long list of rules for which there was a death penalty Prohibited circumcision

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52
Q

Aleia capitolina

A

The name of the paganized jerusalem under Hadrian

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53
Q

Hananya Ben teradon

A

A great rabbi who was captured by Romans and sentenced to death. He was burned and wrapped in a Torah scroll, as he died he said “the parchment is burning but the letters fly free”

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54
Q

Rabbi Akiva

A

One of the greatest rabbis Taught and qualified students despite hadrians rules about Torah study It’s dangerous to study Torah, but if they stopped theyd have nothing left Romans kills him by combing his skin off in a stadium Akiva said the shma while he died-> “you shall love God with all your soul even at the moment when your soul is being taken away”

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55
Q

JESUS

A

born 1 CE and crucified approx 33CE Named yeshua Possibly born in Bethlehem but it could be false Says he wants to confirm laws of Torah Pharicee

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56
Q

New Testament

A

Made up of four gospels which bring “good news” aka showing accounts of jesus as the massiah

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57
Q

Mathew

A

Jew, wrote in hebrew about JESUS Starts his gospel with עלה תולדות-> gives connection to the Torah to legitimize it Explains the birth line of jesus but ends up going into how it’s for joseph HUSBAND of mary not father of jesus

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58
Q

JESUS’ death

A

Went to jerusalem for passover Betrayed by Judas-> pointed JESUS out to soldiers Matza -> this is my body Wine-> this is my blood Arrested and taken to Sadducees for a trial, after he is condemned there he is sent to romans for trial, romans beg jews in crowd not to kill him but jews “force” him

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59
Q

Problems with Jesus’ death

A

Problems: 1. Sanhedrin couldn’t meet because it was a festival and they were drinking and it was night 2. Ask jesus if he is “son of God”-> not a jewish concept so how could they ask it? 3. Either a criminal or JESUS would die-> the Jews would have picked to save JESUS or try to save both 4. Romans wouldn’t have asked what to do with him and Pilot would have been able to save him if he wants 5. Jews wouldn’t ask for crucifixion

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60
Q

Paul/shaul

A

Went to Damascus to persecute Christians but on the way changed his mind and became a Christian Said faith in Jesus replace Torah law and that keeping commandments was bad ESSENTIALLY CHANGED CHRISTIANITY TO WHAT IT IS NOW

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61
Q

Judea Capta coin

A

When Judea was captured by the Romans they made a victory coin to celebrate

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62
Q

Hillel

A

Pharicee rabbi who’s main focus was on morality

63
Q

תנאים

A

Rabbi Akivas followers

64
Q

Shimon Bar Yochai

A

Rabbi who hid in a cave and studied mysticism , wrote the Zohar

65
Q

Rabbi yehuda hanasi

A

Took the oral Torah and wrote it down-> called Mishnah Organized in 6 areas: 1.agricultural laws 2. Festivals 3.property and damages 4. Male and female interactions 5. Laws of purity and impurity 6. Laws of the beit hamikdash

66
Q

Mishnah

A

Oral Torah written down by Yehuda Hanassi

67
Q

Amorim

A

3rd and 4th century scholars who studied in beit Midrash

68
Q

Gemara

A

Commentary on mishna

69
Q

Yeshiva

A

Places of Torah study

70
Q

Talmud

A

Mishna and Gemara combined

71
Q

Jerusalem Talmud

A

Mishna + Gemara produced in 400 CE in tiberias

72
Q

Babylonian Talmud

A

Mishnah+Gemara finished in 500 CE

73
Q

St Augustine

A

saint who said that Jews can’t be killed because it’s a worse punishment to let them live and make their lives hell

74
Q

Witness theory

A

Jews must be allowed to live and suffer on earth witnessing that Christianity is the right religion-> like Cain they are marked to be humiliated but not killed

75
Q

St John chrysostom

A

A saint who said that Jews should be killed for killing JESUS

76
Q

Halacha

A

Jewish law

77
Q

Mohammad

A

Illiterate pagan Shepard who went out into the wilderness and saw a vision of the angel Gabriel who told him that he was the last prophet and dictated the Quran to him-> became the first MUSLIM and spread the religion of Islam

78
Q

Koran

A

Muslim holy book

79
Q

Kaaba

A

Black rock (most likely a meteorite) in Mecca that is considered holy to Muslims

80
Q

Hejira

A

622 CE when Muhammad fled Mecca to medina Officially Considered the begining of Islam

81
Q

Hajj

A

Pilgramage to Mecca that all Muslims are required to take in their lifetimes

82
Q

Five pillars of Islam

A

-shahadda-> confession of faith -salat -> 5 times daily prayer -zakat-> giving charity -hajj-> pilgrimage to Mecca -observance of Ramadan

83
Q

Changes from Judaism to Islam

A

When Jews wouldn’t convert to Islam, mohhammad changed many things that had originally been included in the religion: -made prayer 5 times a day (instead of 3) -made prayer towards Mecca (instead of Jerusalem) -made day of rest on Friday (instead of saturday) -month long fast of Ramadan (instead of shorter jewish fasts)

84
Q

Al dhimi

A

A second class citizen under Muslim rule (any JEW or Christian)

85
Q

Jihad

A

Holy war- war in the name of Islam. Anyone who died in jihad was called a shahid and went straight to heaven

86
Q

Mecca

A

Most important Muslim holy city, where Muhhamad came from and the Kaaba is located

87
Q

Medina

A

Second holiest Muslim city, where Muhhamad fled after he was kicked out of Mecca

88
Q

Jerusalem

A

Third holiest Muslim city-> in 632 when mohhammad died he got on his horse and rode to the “further most mosque” which in ARIBIC is “al aqusa” and goes to heaven from there

89
Q

Gaon

A

Jewish spiritual leaders who lead Talmudic academies from the 7th to the 13th century

90
Q

Responsa

A

Letters written back and forth between scholars and people who had halachic questions

91
Q

Golden age in sphard

A

Dhimmi rules in Spain were sometimes but not always put into practice-> resulted in Jews flourishing and becoming prominent

92
Q

Reconquest of Spain

A

in 1212 the Catholics took spain over from the Muslims

93
Q

Rabbi yehuda halevi

A

“My heart is in the east but the rest of me in the west” Wrote the Kuzari, a philosophical book defending Jews against attacks on their beliefs

94
Q

Kuzari

A

a philosophical book defending Jews against attacks on their beliefs

95
Q

“My heart is in the east but the rest of me far in the west”

A

From the poem “my heart is in the east” by yehuda halevi, it is saying how even though physically they were in the west(Spain) their hearts would always remain with israel in the east

96
Q

Rambam

A

Rabbi Moshe Ben Maimon (maimonedes) Lived in Muslim Spain in the 12th century, had to flee to Egypt Wrote a commentary on the mishna Reorganized the Talmud into the mishna Torah Wrote the “guide to the perplexed” which is one of the most important jewish philisophical texts

97
Q

Mishna Torah

A

Code of jewish law organized by maimonedes (rambam)

98
Q

Ladino

A

A language for sphardic Jews (like YIDDISH for Ashkenazis) Many poems

99
Q

Forced debates

A

The church would call on Jews and force them to debate issues in front of various clergy and church officials

100
Q

Moranos

A

Jews who pretended to convert during the spanish inquisition Means pigs

101
Q

Spanish Expulsion

A

In 1492 when the SPANISH kicked out or forced to convert all Jews and Muslims in Spain

102
Q

Ashkenaz

A

Jews who settled in France and Germany and were ruled by Christians

103
Q

Charters

A

Sometimes, in Ashkenazi lands the Jews would be granted charters for land in return for providing a certain service to the Christians living there Whenever a charter was revoked they had to leave and all their money etc would be taken from them

104
Q

Rashi

A

Rabbi shlomo Ben yischack Mostly studied Torah commentary + commented on the Talmud ~1040-1106

105
Q

Rabbenu Gershon

A

Ashkenazi Made rules such as divorce only by consent, no bigomy/polygamy, no reading personal correspondence

106
Q

Ashkenazi Jewish proffesions

A

BANKING because it was against Christianity to be bankers but it was a necessary job, so Jews worked in banking for them

107
Q

Crusades

A

Began in 1096 after pope urban called for a crusade to regain the holy land from the Muslims. The very first in 1096 failed miserably but in 1099 they came more prepared than the first time. Massacred Jews as they went on the way to israel, wiped out much of Ashkenazi jewery

108
Q

Reasons to go on a crusade

A

-get dolla bill$ -holly mission to get back the holy land -will of God -promised heaven if you went on a crusade -redemption from sin

109
Q

Why did the crusader kingdom fall?

A

-No real rules/morality -didn’t belong in israel-never got to know the agriculture etc -not one group-> all from different areas and had different languages -transplant population-> Poole came and left -EUROPE stopped funding after they conquered

110
Q

Blood libel

A

Belief that Jews used Christian blood to bake matzo (thought they killed a little boy and drank his blood, resulted in massacres of Jews)

111
Q

Host desecration

A

Belief that Jews desecrated the host (cracker eaten during communion) by stabbing it

112
Q

Black plauge

A

1/3 of EUROPEAN population died, less Jews died because of good hygiene so people said that Jews were poisoning the water Resulted in massacres of Jews

113
Q

YIDDISH

A

Language that Ashkenazi Jews spoke

114
Q

Yoseph Caro

A

Lived in Ottoman Empire after fleeing Spain Studied Halacha and Kabbala Wrote a commentary on the Torah with kabbalistic ideas Put all the laws together and laid them out easily in the shulcha news a rough

115
Q

The Ari

A

Rabbi issac Luria GENUIS in all rabbinical areas but focused on Kabbala Settled in tzvat Taught students on tiyulim instead of in a classroom Instituted kabalat Shabbat

116
Q

Kaballah

A

Jewish mysticism- spiritual connections

117
Q

Zohar

A

Most important book on Kabbala written by shimon bar yochai

118
Q

Vaad arba haartzot

A

The council of 4 lands which connected jewish communities

119
Q

Baal Shem tov

A

Israel Ben eliezer created the hasidic movement -touched Jews who felt lost and powerless because they couldn’t study as much Torah -emphasizes celebration and joy

120
Q

Rebbe

A

A leader of a Jewish community who you could go to with various problems and personal advice, not only halachic law

121
Q

Hasidut

A

Chasidic movement which focused on being a righteous person and singing and joyousness

122
Q

Gaon of vilna

A

Lithuanian Kabbalist who said you couldn’t study Kabbala until you knew enough of all other branches of Jewish study Sanctity in texts and studying Early Zionist Established Torah study in Lithuanian yeshivot 1720-1799

123
Q

Mitnagim

A

Followers of the gaon of vilna who opposed chasidism

124
Q

1750 BCE

A

Patriarchs and matriarchs

125
Q

1280 BCE

A

Moses and exodus from Egypt

126
Q

1240 BCE

A

Joshua concoured israel

127
Q

1200-1000 BCE

A

Period of the judges

128
Q

1025-928 BCE

A

United monarchy under Saul, david and Solomon

129
Q

722 BCE

A

Northern kingdom of israel conquered by Assyrians

130
Q

701 BCE

A

Assyrians attack Judea and hezikiah saves jerusalem

131
Q

586 BCE

A

9th of av Babylonians destroy first temple

132
Q

536 BCE

A

Shivat Zion- return to Zion

133
Q

516 BCE

A

dedication of the second temple

134
Q

332 BCE

A

Alexander the Great conquers israel+ Persian empire

135
Q

168 BCE

A

Maccabean revolt

136
Q

165 BCE

A

Jerusalem liberated- first hannukah

137
Q

63 BCE

A

Judean taken over by Romans under pompey

138
Q

37-4 BCE

A

Reign of herod

139
Q

6-66 CE

A

Rule of roman procurators

140
Q

66-70 CE

A

Great revolt against Romans

141
Q

70 CE

A

Titus destroys second temple

142
Q

73 CE

A

Fall of masada

143
Q

132-135 CE

A

bar kochba revolts

144
Q

200 CE

A

Rabbi yehuda hanasi compels mishna

145
Q

400 CE

A

Jerusalem Talmud completed

146
Q

500 CE

A

Babylonian Talmud completed

147
Q

622

A

Hejira- Muhhamad founds Islam

148
Q

1096 CE

A

First crusade

149
Q

1212 CE

A

Christians reconqure Spain

150
Q

1492

A

Jews expelled from Spain on 9th of av

151
Q

1648 CE

A

Chmielnicki massacres

152
Q

1666 CE

A

Shabtai zvi revealed as false massiah

153
Q

Judaism vs Hellenism

A
154
Q

4 holy cities

A

Core (4 decks)

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