Final Flashcards

Question

Witness theory

Answer 1

Theory proposed by St. Augustine which said that Jews are like Cain who was left with a mark after murdering his brother, Able. Augustine says that Jews should be tormented and tortured like Cain, but that they are not to be killed because they should have to suffer on earth witnessing Catholicism flourish This was not repealed by the catholic church until the 1900s

Answer 2

A story about the prophet Ezekiel - while in Babylon, he dreams of dry, dead bones which he must make grow flesh and skin and bring back to life. represents the people of Israel -> they are like dry bones, because they feel finished and have given up. It is Ezekiel job to revive their faith and give them hope

Answer 3

A stereotype/belief about Jews that began in the middle ages in Norwich, England when a young boy died before Passover. It was declared that the Jews had murdered him for his blood which they needed to bake matzo with (made it easier to spread anti Semitism and hatred afterwards as well).

Answer 4

Belief that Jews snuck into churches at night to stab the "Host" - the wafers that represent Jesus' body during communion

Answer 5

Return to Zion - took place 536 BCE | KNOW YOUR DATES BITCHES

Answer 6

Jewish High court. Housed in many places over the years, including the Beit HaMikdash, Yavne, Beit Sherrie and Tzipori

Answer 7

polytheistic Greek religion and culture. They used bathhouses for hanging out, spoke Greek, very interested in architecture, astronomy, physics, bio, physics, etc. Israel was introduced to Hellenistic culture when it was taken over by the Greeks

Answer 8

Referring to the fact that Hellenistic culture had a huge emphasis on physical activity, which Jews often chose to exclude themselves from because they competed naked, which would force Jews to show off their circumcised dicks. IE - "Naked in the gymnasium"

Answer 9

Founded in 622 CE with the Hejira- the flight from Mecca to Medina. Based on the idea that Muhammad was the last prophet of god, called Allah in Islam.

Answer 10

1. 5 times of prayer a day - called Salat 2. Declaration of faith - shahada 3. Once in a life time pilgrimage to Mecca - Hajj 4. Keeping the month fast of Ramadan 5. Giving of alms to charity - zakat

Answer 11

Muslim holy book

Answer 12

Where Muslims pray

Answer 13

Muslim holy war - it means war to spread or defend the faith

Answer 14

``` PROTECTED Second class citizen in Muslim culture - both Jews and Christians were Al-Dhimmi note: can also be called just Dhimmi ```

Answer 15

Most holy city to Muslims - this is where Muhammad technically founded Islam, And is where the Kaaba stands

Answer 16

Jewish law

Answer 17

Small black boxes that Jewish men wear during prayer containing Torah verses

Answer 18

Ritual bath in a pool containing a certain portion of natural water. These are used for purification after something has made you impure, as well as conversion

Answer 19

rabbis interpretations/ stories which help provide insight and explanations to Torah stories

Answer 20

Commandments - there are 613 of these laid out in the Torah

Answer 21

The belief of a person who will come and "deliver" the Jewish people It is said that Eliyahu ha navi will come back to announce the coming of the messiah

Answer 22

Western wall- what is left of the outer wall of the 2nd temple

Answer 23

Prohibited Jews from: - keeping Shabbat - reading Torah - circumcision - celebrating Rosh Kodesh

Answer 24

Also known as the Maccabean revolt. Took place in 168 BCE, it was lead by the Hasmonian family. The father of the family was Mattityahu, who lead a small group of Jewish rebels (lead by his sons, Juda, yochanan, Simon, Elazar and Jonathan) It was during this revolt that the rule was made that you can break Shabbat for the sake of saving another's life The rebels reconquer Jerusalem for themselves in 165 -> first Hanukah -> the war didn't end there, and the Maccabees were forced to keep fighting

Answer 25

Following the revolt, the Hasmoneans were made rulers of Israel. Shimon the Macabe was made the high priest, and it essentially turned into a monarchy. His son John Hyrcanus followed him as an official king. -his son Alexander became king after him -he leaves it up to his sons who fight over the kinship -> they ask the Romans to decide and instead the Romans take over, losing the kinship for the family

Answer 26

Belief in one god

Answer 27

Belief in many gods

Answer 28

Babylonian creation story which describes how the earth was created out of the body of a God who had been killed by other gods, and how the human race was created as an afterthought only to serve other Gods

Answer 29

Hate for free- the idea that the Jews could have won if they had stood up together, but instead they were too busy hating each other to join together

Answer 30

Binding of Isaac in the Torah story Vayikra. God commands Abraham to take his "son, his favorite son" to be sacrificed on top of mount Mariah. As Abraham is about to sacrifice Isaac, an angel stops him and gives him a sheep to kill instead

Answer 31

School for Torah and Talmud study

Answer 32

Letters written between rabbis and people

Answer 33

Began in 1096 - catholic attempt to reconcure israel from Muslim rule. Along the way, crusaders massacred both Muslims and Jews. Not particularly successful, and crusade strongholds fell because each person was from a different country and didn't have communication. In addition, they never learned to farm or keep up with the land because they didn't intend to stay.

Answer 34

Jews whose heritage comes from "ashkenaz" countries of Germany and France (and other more Eastern European nations)

Answer 35

The language which was spoken by Ashkenazim. It is a mixture of hebrew, German and polish.

Answer 36

JEWS whose heretics traces back to those of spherad countries of Morocco and Spain

Answer 37

The speradi language which is a mixture of hebrew and Spanish

Answer 38

1492, When the Spanish decided to kick out all Jews and Muslims who wouldn't convert. Many Jews converted, others left and others faked conversion while inwardly practicing their religion

Answer 39

Spanish for pig. The name for people who faked conversion during the Spanish Inquisition. If found out, the people would be killed

Answer 40

Jewish mysticism - center: tzfat

Answer 41

One of the main kabbalistic books, written by rabbi Simon bar yochai

Answer 42

Literally: set table It was a list of laws laid out simply and in an organized manner Written by Rabbi Joseph Caro

Answer 43

kabbalat Shabbat prayer written in tzfat by Shlomo HaLevi

Answer 44

Means repairing the world. Good deeds and charity, kabbalah says it depends a lot on Cavanah - intention

Answer 45

Charity - comes from the root of Tzadik, meaning righteous

Answer 46

Started by Israel Ben Eliezer. Chasidism brought in Jews who felt lost and powerless because they couldn't study Torah all day. Has an emphasis on celebration and joy, praise god through singing and dancing

Answer 47

Masada will not fall again

Answer 48

Bar Kochba means son of a star. The revolt took place from 132 to 135, CE. People identified Bar Kochaba (originally named Bar Kosba) as the Messiah, and he lead them in a revolt against the Romans. It was fought mainly from inside hiding spots in caves, because it was impossible to fight Romans in a battlefield. The rebellion ended when the emperor Hadrian brought in a Scottish general who defeated the Jewish forces and killed Kochba

Answer 49

Covenant | Example: Gods covenant with Abraham which guaranteed that his dependents would be as numerous as that sand and the stars

Answer 50

Roman capitol built on top of Jerusalem

Answer 51

a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia, the Nile Valley and Nile Delta of northeast Africa

Answer 52

``` Written by Yehuda HaNasi in 200 CE - first actual written down part of the Oral Torah Organized systematically in 6 sections -Agricultural -festivals -property/damages -male/female interactions -laws of purity and impurity -laws of the beit ha mikdash ```

Answer 53

1025 to 928, when all of Israel was united. Kings included Saul, David and Solomon

Answer 54

Halls for studying talmud

Answer 55

Comments on the mishna

Answer 56

Happened under the kinship of Rechavam, who was intense and harsh on the Israelites. Jereboam led a revolt, and split the kingdom into two northern Israel and Judea

Answer 57

Mishna and Gemara Babylonian - 500 Jerusalem- 400

Answer 58

Small, almost exclusively Jewish villages in Poland and Russia

Answer 59

Acts of violence against the Jews, breaking and destroying shops, setting things on fire etc - EX Kishenev Pogrom

Answer 60

1917 - declared that Britain would support the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine

Answer 61

Took on the surname mendleson from "ben Mendel" - made it so he could could communicate more with gentiles. He wore European style clothes and was clean shaven- didn't LOOK like an orthodox Jew He translated Torah and commentary into German, so German Jews could read it and LEARN German from comparing it to the original Hebrew they were familiar with

Answer 62

The process of acquiring equal rights

Answer 63

1806 gathering of religious and secular Jews in paris, napoleon asked them questions about their integration into France as Jews He wanted the Jews to pledge allegiance to Francee and have Judaism be just a religion

Answer 64

Created by Abraham Geiger, who wanted to reform Judaism. He made oral and written tradition less important, and observance optional. Prayers in German - disconnected from the rest of the worlds Jews Implemented the word "temple" which implies that yay dint need the beit ha mikdash and can pray anywhere

Answer 65

Created out of the reform movement by Zechariah Frankel, it was originally called historical Judaism. His student Solomon Schechter decided that the movement should make decisions - aka, conservative rabbis should decide halacha Allowed Judaism to change but only slowly and with respect to halacha

Answer 66

Originally called neo-orthodox, it was created by Rabbi Samson Hirsh. He encouraged the study of non religious subjects in addition to religious ones.

Answer 67

Extremely rich French Jew, he financed the first Alia.- particularly the Moshava Mazkeret Batya. He saw Israel as a business investment and intended to make money out of his financing

Answer 68

Entitled Russian army to call Jewish boys into army service for up to 25 years of service without any visits home or vacations, beginning at the age of 8. Many people intentionally maimed their children so that they wouldn't be called to the army

Answer 69

The areas which Jews were allowed to settle in under the Russian tzars

Answer 70

Acts of violence against Jews

Answer 71

The people who had been living in Israel prior to the first aliya

Answer 72

``` Hebron -dirt -connection to our ancestors (cave of Machpela) Jerusalem -fire -passion & 2nd temple rebuilding Tiberias -water -the flow of knowledge Tzfat -air -kabbalah/clean air ```

Answer 73

Author of City of Slaughter, wrote Children's poems in Hebrew so they could learn

Answer 74

Bialik's poem about the Kishenev pogrom

Answer 75

Labor Zionism

Answer 76

First prime minister of Israel, changed his name from David Gruen to ben Gurdon to sound more "Hebrew"

Answer 77

A city founded in 1909 because new immigrants had been living in Yaffo, a Muslim city. It was the first "Hebrew" city, separate from tradition or religion.

Answer 78

Means oasis of Justice It was the first Jewish neighborhood outside of yafo Right next to Tel Aviv

Answer 79

Revisionist Zionism, set up Zionist Mule core

Answer 80

The Dreyfus affair- he was a French Jew in the French army who was accused of treason. He was found guilty even though there was no proof, and eventually they found who had really done it. This was an example of antisemetism

Answer 81

Zionist leader - he was the leader of Political Zionism, led the first Zionist conference in 1897.

Answer 82

The Jewish state - pamphlet written by Theodore Hertzel

Answer 83

Old New Land by Theodore hertz - the name Tel Aviv was taken from this

Answer 84

Took place in 1897 in Basel - led by Theodore hertzel

Answer 85

Where the first world Zionist conference was held

Answer 86

Religious zionism

Answer 87

Revisionist Zionism - you must fight for the state

Answer 88

Made the first modern Hebrew dictionary.- the father of modern herbew. He was a cultural zionist

Answer 89

Cultural Zionism - you can't create the state without building the states culture first

Answer 90

1917 - it stated that England would support the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine

Answer 91

Offered up to be the home of a Jewish state instead of Israel. It was rejected (obviously)

Answer 92

Developed acetone, created Weisman science institute in rehovot, was president of the Zionist organization

Answer 93

British letter which made promises to Arabs of a state of Palestine. Similar to Balfour declaration - British made many different agreements and promises regarding the land at the same time

Answer 94

Archeologist' deep incision into a Tel

Answer 95

Fertility Goddess of Cananites

Answer 96

Senseless love (senseless love will be what rebuilds the temple)

Answer 97

How to relate to the Tanach -> does it matter if its TRUE?

Answer 98

Texts of the eseens found in a cave near the dead sea

Answer 99

Hadrian changed the name of Israel to Palestine in a punishment of the Jews after the Bar Kochba revolt

Answer 100

issue when the Persians conquered Babylon and allowed the Jews to return to Israel. 536 BCE

Answer 101

The messenger from a Kahal who was able to speak both polish and Yiddish and would communicate with the government

Answer 102

Wrote a "tablecloth", the Ashkenazi notes on the mainly sphardi "shulchan arouch" by Yoseph Caro

Answer 103

Very wealthy sect of Jews, typically priests in the Beit Ha Mikdash, didn't believe in Oral Torah, only written law

Answer 104

Middle class Jews, they fought with seduces over priesthood. This was the largest and most widespread group of Jews. They believed in both written and oral Torah

Answer 105

Male only group of Jews. They lived in the desert in seclusion away from the city, and were not wealthy

Answer 106

Could come from any of the other three sects, but mainly Pharisees. They fought back against the Romans on Masada.

Answer 107

The Brit that God has with all people, regardless of religion

Answer 108

interpretation of Torah stories written by closely examining each word

Answer 109

Smaller, local court

Answer 110

Underground Jewish army during the British Mandate. Created to protect Jewish settlements and Jews from arab attack

Answer 111

issued by the British government under Neville Chamberlain in which the idea of partitioning Palestine was abandoned. Suggested creating an independent Palestine to be governed by Palestinian Arabs and Jews in proportion to their numbers in the population by 1939. Also set a limit of 75,000 Jewish immigrants was set for the five-year period 1940-1944

Answer 112

Hagana concept of self restraint against Arabs

Answer 113

Wall and tower- under Turkish law a settlement is something that is set up with a wall and tower, so they set up settlements overnight with them when it was illegal to make new settlements under the british

Answer 114

A break off of the Haganna. based on Revisionist Zionism . Ac"The policy of the new organization was that only Jewish armed force would ensure the Jewish state" Carried out the bombing of the king David hotel and deir yassin

Answer 115

militant Zionist group founded during the British mandate. Its aim was to evict the British authorities from Palestine by resort to force, allowing unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a Jewish state, a 'new totalitarian Hebrew republic'

Answer 116

Israeli paratrooper who jumped into Hungary, was captured and killed. She was offered a blindfold for her execution, but she refused, stating that she wanted her captors to look her in the eyes as they killed her

Answer 117

My struggle - Hitler's book that he wrote while imprisoned, which detailed what he would eventually do to the Jews

Answer 118

German government. The Reichstag building was burned down in the '30s, which the Nazis used

Answer 119

kristlnaght (1938), pogroms, boycotts of Jewish shops, Nuremburg laws

Answer 120

Took place in Evian, it was a 1938 conference in which Jews asked for help solving the "Jewish-German" problem, asked for countries to grant visas to Jews, but the Dominican republic was the only country to allow some Jews in (200)

Answer 121

He led an orphanage for Jewish children. When they were being deported, he boarded the train with them. People told him not to go because he wasn't forced to, but he would not let his children be brought to their deaths without him

Answer 122

``` The largest of the death/concentration camps. It consisted of at least 30, and was a mass killing center. Birkenau was a killing center 20X the size of Auschwitz I, made almost exclusively for Jews., DIFFERENT FROM ALL OTHER CAMPS -higher death toll -longer duration -sophistication - perfected murder -efficiency -manipulation -medical experimentation -tattooing -proximity of life and death ```

Answer 123

Treblinka I - labor camp Treblinka II- death camp 850,000 to 900,000 Jews murdered Worked off of terror -> Barry the St. Bernard was trained to eat human gentiles - forced them to run the opposite direction straight towards the gas chambers 25-30 minutes between arrival and death Ivan the terrible raped and cut womans boobs off

Answer 124

Death camp Built specifically after the Wanzi conference Worked off of acting cheery - when prisoners arrived, they acted like it was a resort stay Huge revolt - about 300 people escaped

Answer 125

Actively worked to save Jews- the king wouldn't allow Hitler in, and when he came in anyway, they snuck Jews out on boats. When they returned after, they were given money for the rent of their houses which people had used in their absense

Answer 126

Displaced persons camps - these were places where holocaust survivors went following the holocaust because they had no homes. From these camps. They were able to try and relocate family from these Camps, and regain weight and strength

Answer 127

trials in Nuremburg, Germany of various Nazis

Answer 128

Nazi who was one of the main officials in the Holocaust. He was eventually discovered hiding out in Argentina by the Mossad, who brought him back to Israel and tried him for war crimes and crimes against humanity. He was hung for these actions

Answer 129

A man who worked in Treblinka who raped prisoners and cut off their boobs

Answer 130

To resist the British, people under the British mandate developed the Hagana, etzel and lechi

Answer 131

Jews vs Arabs(still under British-aka civil war) Arab stacks JEWISH counter attacks

Answer 132

1948 battle where Etzel and Lechi went into an Arab village called Deir Yassin. They attempted to warn the villagers but it didn't properly go through, and many of them ended up being killed. Afterwards, Palestinians said that they had raped and murdered them throughout the village. This contributed to thalestinean crisis, with many people from other villages fleeing -> created Palestinian refugee crisis

Answer 133

Arab terrorists who crossed the boarders in 56 and 67 to commit acts of terror. Protective walls were built to prevent this problem

Answer 134

Hanged at Acco for being in Etzel

Answer 135

During the British Mandate, members of the Haganah, Etzel and Lehi were imprisoned in Akko. The building was originally a Crusader fortress from the 12th century, when the British took over, they turned the it back into a prison for Jewish resistance fighters. The first and most famous prisoner here was Zeev Jabotinsky. May 4, 1947 members of Etzel broke into the prison and freed 41 prisoners. The British police killed three of the Etzel members who participated in the prison break and six of the prisoners

Answer 136

United nations special committee on palestine

Answer 137

Agreed on by the UN in 1947, it was a plan to create two separate states in Palestine - Israel and the Palestinian state

Answer 138

1967, preemptive strike by Israel. Began with an airstrike on Egypt - we flew across the Sinai border, bombed all the air bases and destroyed all Egyptian planes. The war was fought on 3 fronts 1. Israel vs Egypt 2. Israel v Jordan in Jerusalem and west bank 3. Israel v Syria in the Golan heights

Answer 139

Established the witness theory

Answer 140

A Jew born in Egypt. When he moved to israel, he joined the Mossad. He was eventually given a fake id as a Syrian. He was then sent to live in Argentina to set up his back story and from Argentina he went to syria. He completley infiltrated syria, became friends with all the top people and was given very important information which he leaked to israel. He was everntually caught and hung, however he had already gotten enough information about the placement of Syrian strongholds to allow the Jews to defeat them and capture te Golan heights

Answer 141

A Muslim who dies in Jihad and is said to go straight to heaven

Answer 142

1973 surprise attack war on Israel. Egypt attacked troops on the Suez canal at the Bar Lev Line, Syrians bombed the Golan. Israel was not at all prepared for the attack, essentially decided by tank battles particularly in the Golan. Syrian tanks out numbered Israel 10:1

Answer 143

A Yemenite Jew who fought in and was severely injured in the 1967 war. He was a battalion commander in the Yom Kippur war of battalion 77. He made his soldiers break fast and prepare the tans INCASE of war. He was in a meeting when it officially began and he ran ADN jumped into his tank . he fought for two days before stopping when reinforcements came

Answer 144

On vacation before he started officers training during the war- he went back to his base in the Golan Heights even though he didn't technically have a unit. He put together 2 tank crews and joined the battle. He bluffed that "tzvika force" had arrived as reinforcements, pretending there was a large group of tanks. He is eventually wounded but left the hospital to rejoin battle

Answer 145

Egyptian present who fought the Yom Kippur war then made peace with israel

Answer 146

Commander of Etzel, prime minister later

Answer 147

Vermont retreat where Clinton brought Arafat and Ehud Barack to make peace. The terms were that Palestinians would give up the right of return and Israel would give land to make a state. Barack agreed but Arafat rejected

Answer 148

Other name for the first Lebanon war

Answer 149

Negotiations between Arafat and Rabin. Some thought it was the best thing ever, others thought it was the worst/ PLO recognized Israel

Answer 150

Area A - ruled only by PA Area B - ruled politically by PA, militarily by Israel Area C - ruled only by Israel

Answer 151

Far left Israeli prime minister. He was shot by an Israeli Jew who disagreed with his policies

Answer 152

7th Israeli president

Answer 153

Operation to get Ethiopians out of Ethiopia and to Israel

Answer 154

Current prime minister, Likud party, right wing

Answer 155

Prime minister who pulled us out of Lebanon and was at camp David negotiations with arafat

Answer 156

Conducted the Lebanon war as the Israeli minister of defense. He had campaigned for Israelis to set up settlements in the west bank and Gaza, but when he was prime minister he went against his platform and participated in the disengagment

Answer 157

Disengagement from Gaza settlements in 2005

Answer 158

Began in 2000, people regularly bombed Busses and restraunts- fighting was worse this time, because they had weapons and didn't just throw rocks

Answer 159

Town incredibly close to Gaza. It was bombarded with rockets for years, and especially in 2006 when approximately 20 rockets would be shot per day

Answer 160

Egypt violated the armistice and blocked Israeli ships from passing through the Suez Canal and began to block traffic through the Straits of Tiran, which cut off the port of Eilat. fedayeen launched attacks on from Egypt, Jordan and Syria. 1956, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, threatening British and French interests so Israel, Britain and France planned an attack on Egypt On October 29, 1956, Israel began its assault on Egyptian military positions, capturing the whole of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula. On October 31, France and Britain joined the fray and hostilities ended on November 5.

Answer 161

tbt to our first week. Coastal road beit horon ascent Kings road

Answer 162

``` Coastal planes Low lands Judean / Sumerian mountains Rift Valley Trans-Jordanian mountains ```

Answer 163

18th century leader of Lithuanian Jews, also Aubrey great great great grandfather

Answer 164

Leket - anything you drop you must leave for the poor Shechecha - forgotten. Anything that you forget to pick up when harvesting you must leave Peah -Corner. You must leave a corner of your field for the poor Smita - every 7 years you must let the land rest and not plant

Answer 165

Master of teshuva- someone who fully masters repentance

Answer 166

The prophet who guided David

Answer 167

The last king of the divided monarchy. He built the first temple

Answer 168

He divided Israel into two separate monarchies. He also closed the border between the two, so people from northern Israel couldn't go to the beit ha mikdash in the south. He built two temples in the north, one in the Dan aka modern Golan (we went there pls remember) and one in beit el

Answer 169

Escaped Jerusalem when it was cut off in side a coffin and he was given the city of Yavneh for himself and the sages

Answer 170

Burned wrapped in a Torah scroll by the Romans. In his final moments he had a vision of the letters of the Torah flying away. He said "while the parchment burns, the letters fly free"

Answer 171

Taught Kabbalah and tikun olam

Answer 172

When Hadrian's decrees outlawed Judaism, he kept teaching Torah. He was eventually caught and said the schema while he died. "You should love god with all your soul, even when that soul is being taken from you"

Answer 173

Wrote my heart is in the east and the Kuzari

Answer 174

Important Jewish philosophical work by Yehuda Ha Levi

Answer 175

Creator of Chasidism

Answer 176

Torah and Talmud commentator, ashkenazi

Answer 177

Rambam's philosophical book

Answer 178

Sages of the gemara

Answer 179

A name German Jews gave to themselves, it made them less separate from oter Germans.

Answer 180

Means opponents - refffers to the opponents of Chasidism. (Gaon of Vilna was one of these)