Unit 2

Question 0

Thomas More

Answer 0

• Friend of Erasmus
• Lord Chancellor of England
• “Utopia”; reflects More’s own concerns with the economic, social, and political problems of his day. Presented a new social system in which cooperation in reason replaced power and fame as the proper motivation agents for human society.
• More’s religious devotion and belief in the universal Catholic Church was more important than his service to the king; Henry VIII
  - Led him to advocate persecution of those who is fundamentally change the Catholic Church

Question 1

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 1

• Formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism
• Born in Holland
• “The Handbook of the Christian Knight” 1503
• Believe that Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than the system of dogmatic beliefs and practices that the medieval church seemed to stress
• Emphasize inner piety and de-emphasized the external forms of religion (sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, veneration of saints, and relics
• Thought that the standard latin edition of the Bible, known as the vulgate, contained errors he edited the Greek text of the New Testament and published it
• “Annotations”; commentary on the Vulgate
• Reform of the church meant spreading and understanding of the philosophy of Jesus, providing enlightened education in the sources early Christianity, and making common sense criticisms of the abuses in the church
• “The praise of Folly”; engage in criticism of the most corrupt practices of his own society
• His whole program was based on reform within the church

Question 2

Thomas à Kempis

Answer 2

• “The imitation of Christ”
  - “truly at the day of judgment we shall not be examined by what we have read, but what we have done; not how well we have spoken, but how religiously we have lived”

Question 3

Martin Luther

Answer 3

• Became a master in the liberal arts and study law
• Became a monk and focused on his major concern the assurance of the salvation; spent hours confessing sin
• Studied theology and became a professor and became a professor in the theological faculty at the University of Wittenberg, lecturing on the Bible
• believed that humans are saved not through their good works but through faith in the promises of God, made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross

Question 4

Justification

Answer 4

The act by which a person is made deserving of salvation

Question 5

What was the twin pillars of the Protestant reformation?

Answer 5

Justification by faith in the Bible as the sole authority in religious affairs

Question 6

Johann Tetzel

Answer 6

“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from the purgatory
springs”

Question 7

95 theses

Answer 7

• Issued by Martin Luther
• His theses were a stunning indictment of the abuses in the sale indulgences
• Copies of the German translation were quickly printed and were received sympathetically in Germany that had a long tradition of dissatisfaction with Papal policies and power

Question 8

Leipzig debate

Answer 8

• luther’s opponent; Johann Eck forced Luther to move beyond indulgences and deny the authority of popes and councils
• Eck identified Luther’s ideas with those of John Hus, the condemned heretic; a person believing or practicing religious heresy

Question 9

“The address to the nobility of the German nation”

Answer 9

Political track written in German and which Luther called on the German princes to overthrow the Papacy in Germany and established a reformed German church - Luther

Question 10

“Babylonian Captivity of the church”

Answer 10

Attacked the sacramental system as the means by which the pope and church had held the real meaning of the gospel captive for thousand years -Luther

Question 11

Martin Luther (cont.)

Answer 11

• Called for the reform of monasticism and for the clergy to marry
  - though virginity is good, marriage is better, and freedom of choice is best
• Faith alone, not good works, that justifies, frees, and bring salvation through Jesus
• Unable to except Luther’s forcefully worded dissent from traditional Catholic teachings the church excommunicated him in January 1521
• By the ethics of worms Martin Luther was made an outlaw within the empire. His works were to be burned and Luther was to be captured and delivered to the emperor
  
  • Elector of Saxony sent him into hiding at Warburg, where he remained a year

Question 12

Lutheranism

Answer 12

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