Unit 2 Flashcards
How many major linguistic groups are in the middle east?
5
How many Different language groups are within the major linguistic groups in the middle east?
18-20
Wide-ranging & comprehensive field that studies spatial aspects of human cultures
Cultural geography
Reconstruction of many of the ancient routes by which the knowledge & achievements of culture hearts spread that is, diffused, to other areas
Cultural diffusion
Allowed cities that could control irrigated farming over large hinterlands held power over others, used food as a weapon, & prospered
Hydraulic civilization theory
Played an impact on great civilizations & allowed new societies to emerge elsewhere
Climate change
Spatial spreading of dissemination of a culture element (such as technological innovation) or other phenomenon (such as disease outbreak). For the various channels of outward geographic spread from a source area
Spatial diffusion
Spreading of an innovation or idea through a fixed population in such a way that the number of those adopting grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination
Expansion diffusion
Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused area transmitted by their carrier agents as they relocate to new areas. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population
Relocation diffusion
Introduction & establishment of the Muslim religion. A process still underway, most notably along the Islamic Front, the marks the southern border of the African transition zone.
Islamization
A national group that aspires to become a nation-state but lacks the territorial means to do so; The Palestinians & kurds of the Southwest Asia are leading examples
Stateless nation
A checkerboard like spatial pattern of modernization in an emerging market economy wherein a few localized regions of a country experience most of the development while the rest are largely unaffected
Fragmented modernization
The international organization that emerged after the first world war (1914-1918) whose purpose was to maintain international peace & promote cooperation in solving international economic, social, & humanitarian problems. It consisted of as many as 58 member countries by the mid 1930s, but it failed to prevent WWII (1939-1945) & is best remembered as the flawed predecessor to the United Nations. The latter was formed in 1945, has grown since then from 51 to 193 member-countries today, & continues its primary mission of preventing international wars, serving as a forum for dialogue & conflict resolution.
League of nations
Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of that faith & to influence state policy. Often called religious fundamentalism; but in the case of Islam, Muslim prefer the term revivalism
Religious Revivalism
A doctrine within Islam, commonly translated as holy war, it entails a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards prescribed by the Quran (Koran)
Jihad
Particularly virulent form of (Sunni) Muslim revivalism that was made the official faith when the modern state of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932. Adherents call themselves “Unitarians” to signify the strict fundamentalist nature of their beliefs
Wahhabism
27 million people (growth rate, 3.2%), 167K sq. mi. (size of California)
Iraq
19 million people (growth rate, 3.2%), 71K sq. mi.
Syria
4.4 million (growth rate, 2.5%), 34K sq. mi. Sunni (92%), Christian (8%)
Jordan
5.6 million (growth rate, 1.9%), 7847 sq. mi. Judaism (82%), Islam (14%), Christian (2%)
Israel
3.5 million (growth rate, 1.6%), 3949 sq. mi. Muslim (70%, 5 major groups), Christian (30%, 11 groups) Syria thinks it owns it, & sort of does
Lebanon
Native people of the area
Canaanites
Referred to as the sea people. No one us sure where these people came from, but they came from the north near Mediterranean
Philistines
People from area where Kurdistan (region not country), eastern Turkey, Northeastern Syria, Northern Iraq, & Northern Iran meet
Kurds
Empire that collapsed after first world war.
Ottoman Empire
Group of nations that mandates French & British to go into Southwest area (Present day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Etc.) & establish nation-states
League of nations
Town the Muslims originally flourished in
Medina
First large Muslim city that they were originally in threat of being kicked out of
Mecca
Larger group of Muslims that believe in following the traditions, beliefs, & practices of Muhammad
Sunni
Smaller group of Muslims that say they must not only carry on the traditions, but the lineage as well.
Shi’te
Al’lah
“The god” in Arabic
What makes you a Muslim. if you say this & believe it in your heart, you are a Muslim. Sort of a creed, statement of “this is what I believe”
Shahadah
The term god in Arabic
Illah
Pilgrimage to Mecca. Not a single historic event, but an obligation, or pillar. This happens every year
Hajj
Flight to Medina. The start of the Muslim calendar. It happened once, & is significant
Hejira
The community of believers, fellow Muslims. How different Muslims worldwide fashion their affinity with the same religious/governmental structure. How the rest of the Muslim world relates to them, & if they are legitimate or not
Ummah
Religion lawyer/theologian. No direct equivalent to a Mulluh in western society. A person who in essence is not normally a political leader, but has great sway over what the political leader says
Mulluh
Leader of the congregation. Similar to a pastor in a Christian Church. Very common in large cities with a significant Muslim population
Sunni
Religious decree. Your authority to issue one of these is if certain people acknowledge that you can issue them
Fatwa
Codified law meaning, “Here is to happen to you if you commit that wrong”. Fought over & whether it will become law over Nigeria.
Shari’a - Qur’anic (Koranic) law
Successors to the prophet that ended in 1924
Caliphate
Largely a tribal-oriented society, so reflect extended family. May reflect literal relationship or one of principle. A name given to someone often from doing something great, sometimes a characteristic or trait they have. Sometimes a nickname
Methodology
Abd/Amt
Servant/slave
Bin/Bint
Son/daughter of
Ibn
Of the lineage (or house) of
Abu
Father of
Abi
Son of the father of
Key point in Muslim calendar. Time of sacrifice & time of celebration. People keep an eye out for this since a lot of these towel-heads will blow themselves up during this time of sacrifice
Month of Fasting (Ramadan)
Giving to the poor. This is a requirement
Alms
Diffusion where Islam is transferred from face to face contact, starting with Muhammad preaching to his wife, father in law, etc.
Contagious diffusion
More common type of diffusion of Islam. Shows the expansion of Islam largely through military conquest, starting around Mecca. Muslim army would come into area, take it over, come to the leader of the area, offer them to be converted to Islam in exchange for not being killed
Hierarchical diffusion
Type of diffusion where if people move from one point to another, they take their religion with them
Relocation diffusion
