Unit 2 Flashcards
Probation
Direct sentence
Sentence of probation. “Sentenced to 2 years of probation”
Suspended sentence
Suspends or postpones an imposition or execution of a sentence during a period of good behavior. “Sentenced to 2 years probation, suspended upon repayment of restitution”
Split sentence
sentence that includes a term of confinement (generally several years) that is followed by probation. “sentence 10 years, serve 2”
Leading types of correctional control
probation, prisons and jails, parole
Father of probation
John Augustus
Rank of most serious offenses of probation
Drug offense, violent, property, public order/DWI, other
Municipalities/counties are ______ in regards to administration of probation
Decentralized
States are ____ in regards to administration of probation
Centralized
Presentence investigation (PSI)
a file that includes a wide range of background information on the crime and PO’s sentence recommendation for the conviction. Includes information about the offender, victim, and crime
victim impact statement
a written account by a victim as to how a crime has taken a toll physically, emotionally, financially, and/or psychologically on the said victim and victim’s family
Is there a strong agreement between PSI recommendation and the sentence the judge administers?
Yes. 70-90% congruence
Parole
early release of an offender from a secure facility upon completion of a certain portion of his or her sentence
most serious offenses in parole
violent, drug, property, other, weapons
Father of parole
Alexander Maconochie
Alexander Maconochie
Command of Norfolk Island penal colony in 1840. Introduce the marks system
Release valve mechanism
When correctional systems use parole to reduce correctional populations. Example of selective incapacitation.
Standard conditions
probation or parole conditions imposed on all offenders regardless of offense
Special conditions
conditions that are applied to an individual offender’s sentence
Case treatment plan
individualized written document that clarifies how each court-ordered condition is to be fulfilled by offender and officer in the context of risks and needs posed
Probation/parole supervision often requires what 2 forms of contact
Field contacts and collateral contacts
Field contacts
an officer’s personal visit to an offender’s home or place of employment
collateral contacts
verification of an offender’s situation and whereabouts by speaking with a third party who knows the offender personally (family member, friend, employer)
Two primary violations in probation/parole
Technical and law violations
Technical violation
violated standard or special conditions of supervision
law violation
committed a new offense
graduated sanctions
set of increasingly restrictive sanctions and requirements imposed on offenders if they violated the conditions of their supervision
If violation is severe, offender’s supervision may be revoked
Bentham
About ___% of all probationers and ___% of all parolees had their supervision revoked
14; 23
Revocation
The series of hearing that results when a probationer/parolee is noncompliant with the current level of supervision and is either removed from probation/parole and is (re)incarcerated and/or receives modified probation conditions.
What is the most frequent reason for revocation?
Failing to maintain contact with probation officer, technical violations
Three reasons why revocations occur
Technical violations, law violations, and absconding
Absconding
Leaving without court’s knowledge
three stages of revocation proceedings
Preliminary hearing, hearing stage, sentencing stage
Preliminary hearing
initial examination of the facts of the arrest to determine if probable cause does exist for a violation
Hearing stage
- Stage of a revocation proceeding that allows the probation agency to present evidence of the violation, which the offender is given the opportunity to refute
- Probation revocations are administrative hearings (not criminal)
- Burden of proof is preponderance of the evidence
Sentencing stage
when a judge determines if the offender will be incarcerate or continue his or her probation sentence under more restrictive terms (modified sentence)
Preponderance of evidence
Lowest burden of proof because it is administrative. Presented evidence that convinces judge/jury that their claim is more likely true than not
Do most people successfully complete probation/parole?
Yes
Net widening
Using stiffer punishment or excessive control for offenders who would ordinarily be sentenced to a lesser sanction
_____ accounted for almost 31% of prison intakes in 2020
Probation/parole revocations
Why might turnover in the field be problematic?
Connections to the community, time to train new people
Are more woman in probation/parole or the police force?
Probation/parole. 50%+. Day shifts allow for them to be back home in the evening with kids.
Stressful events found to be associated with higher reports of ______ and safety concerns
compassion fatigue
what is officer orientation?
the supervision philosophy than an officer uses when supervising offenders
The four kinds of officer orientation
Surveillance, synthetic, social work, passive
Workload
The amount of work/work tasks that officers must complete
Includes: office/field visits, completing case notes, completing court/departmental paperwork, running rap sheets, completing PSI’s, etc.
Caseload
the list of offenders that an officer is tasked with supervising
Can you over-supervise an offender?
Yes. Intensive surveillance of a low-risk offender may make them frustrated and more likely to reoffend
intermediate sentences/graduated sanctions
sentences/sanctions that range up to incarceration, tends to range in severity
advantages for policy makers for intermediate sentences
cost savings, can reduce issues of prison/jail overcrowding, can foster social bonds between community and offender (social bond theory)
community service
Compensation for injury to society by the performance of service in the community. Some research suggests that there is lower recidivism rates (social bonds) (matched study)
Intensive supervision probation (ISP)
The extensive supervision of offenders who are deemed the greatest risk to society or are in need of the greatest amount of governmental services. Crime control model, get tough on crime
What was the major finding regarding effectiveness of ISP?
Without the use of a treatment program, ISP doesn’t work
What largely replaced ISP?
Specialized caseloads
Specialized caseloads
A form of ISP, “experts” on specific populations. Ex: drugs and alcohol, mental health, sex offenders, women, etc. Integrating more programs and treatments.
Electronic monitoring
Community supervision that uses electronic devices to maintain surveillance. Use of this has more than doubled in the last decade. Often combined with house arrest. Cost is disadvantage.
Passive systems
Respond only to inquires, most commonly an automated phone call.
Active systems
Sent continuous signals that are picked up by a receiver. Ankle bracelet.
Exclusion zone
where the offender cannot go (residence of identified victims, schools, parks, etc.)
inclusion zone
places where the offender should be (offender’s residence, workplace, etc.)
Home confinement
sentence whereby people serve a term of incarceration in their own home
AKA house arrest or home detention
What crimes may be especially incompatible for home confinement?
Domestic violence
Day reporting center (DRC)
Facility where people under pretrial release or probation can attend daylong intervention and treatment sessions. However, they have to be there all day, so you can’t hold a full time job. Have to put kids in daycare. Having a job is one of the most important factors to prevent reoffending.
Weekend confinement
confinement that is restricted to the weekends or other times when the person in custody is off from work
Work release program
facility that allows residents to work in the community during the day while residing in the center during nonworking hours
Two types of work release
Unsupervised and supervised work release (on a bus to and from work)
boot camp
form of shock incarceration that involves a military-style regimen designed to instill discipline in young offenders, aimed towards young first time offenders
prescription medication for alcohol abuse
antabuse
prescription medication for heroin/opiates
methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone
Risk of OD, makes you sick
what prison facility had the wheel/spokes design
Eastern state penitentiary
Pros of wheel and spoke
Multiple smaller rec areas
Can isolate it
Cons of wheel and spoke
can’t see everyone in dorms
Central heating is expensive
Hard to get to places in dorms
what design did Auburn and Sing Sing have
telephone pole
pros of telephone pole
Cost efficient
Very contained
Can shut down and easily contain
cons of telephone pole
Very loud
Illnesses
Very close together
Hard to control them all
Panopticon
Designed to allow security personnel to clearly observe all inmates without the inmates themselves being able to tell whether or not they were being watched. Idea was that inmates would regulate their own behavior because someone might be watching
Might reduce the need for many (or theoretically any) guards. Circular building
Bentham
Pros of panopticon
Could add tables and make a rec area
Potential self regulate
Could be cost effective, so many inmates in one area
cons of panopticon
So much space between guard tower and inmates
A lot of inmates in one area
Impact of Attica prison riot
Redesign of prisons for increased security
Stricter prison procedures
Established a grievance procedure for inmates
Started monthly meetings prison administration and inmates
direct supervision design
cells are organized on the outside of the square space, with shower facilities and recreation cells interspersed among the typical inmates living quarters, similar to podular design, easier access to phone and other privileges
pods
Sections in many modern prisons were inmates will usually have individual cells with doors controlled from a secure remote control situation
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA; 1990)
requires correctional agencies to make reasonable modifications to ensure accessibility for individuals with disabilities
perimeter security system
a collection of security components that spans the outside of the prison
blind spots
occur when areas of the prison are not easily viewed by security staff and/or surveillance equipment
Minimum-security facility
a prison designed and organized to permit residents and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration, campus/school design; lowest risk for recidivism
Medium security facility
a prison designed and organized to prevent escapes and violence, but in which restrictions on residents and visitors are less rigid than in maximum-security facilities, 1/3 of inmates are housed in medium security, most built in the past 4/5 decades are medium security
Maximum security facility
a prison designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence; to that end, it imposes strict limitations on the freedom of residents and visitors
Highest risk for recidivism
