Unit 2 Flashcards
Weathering
Weathering - The exposure and breaking down of rocks in situ at the Earth’s surface over geological time due to interaction with the atmosphere.
Transportation
Transportation - The movement of rock fragments by water, wind, ice or gravity from the place where they were originally weathered.
Erosion
Erosion - The breaking down of rock fragments into smaller pieces and sediments due to collision with other rock fragments during transportation.
Deposition
Deposition - The settling out of rock fragments and sediments after transportation by water, wind, ice or gravity.
Igneous
Igneous - Rock that forms through the cooling of molten rock (magma) to a solid form in the upper crust or on the surface of the Earth.
Sedimentary
Sedimentary - Rock that is formed from weathered rock fragments and sediments that have been eroded, transported, deposited, compacted and cemented.
Metamorphic
Metamorphic - Rock that has been subjected to heat and/or pressure, permanently altering the minerals or internal structure.
Rock -
Rock - A solid mass made of one or more minerals.
Mineral
Mineral - An element or chemical compound formed as a result of rock cycle processes.
Ore
- A naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted profitably.
Porosity
A measure of a rock’s ability to hold fluid.
Permeability
A measure of the amount of water allowed to pass through a rock
How to extract iron
Iron is extracted from iron ore in a huge container called a blast furnace. Iron ores such as haematite contain iron oxide. The oxygen must be removed from the iron oxide in order to leave the iron behind.
Slag
Slag is the mixture of impurities, silica and calcium oxides, which floats to the top of the molten iron and is removed.
Where is limestone formed
In tropical shallow sea waters
Where do you extract limestone
Quarries
How is crude oil formed
Its formed over million of years from dead animal remains which have been buried under many layers of sediment on the ocean floor
How to extract crude oil
Fractional distillation
How is crude oil damaging to the environment
The hydrocarbons that make up crude oil are very damaging to the environment. Oil can kill animals and birds by poisoning or suffocation, as well as affecting buoyancy and natural waterproofing.
Evaporation
Evaporation - The process of turning from liquid into vapour or gas
Condensation
Condensation - The process of a vapour or gas turning into a liquid
Precipitation
Precipitation - Moisture that falls from the air to the ground (rain, snow, sleet, hail, drizzle, fog, mist)
Transpiration
Transpiration - The evaporation of water from plants’ leaves, stems or flowers
Run-off
Run-off - The precipitation that flows across the surface of the ground
Infiltration
Infiltration - The physical movement of water through soil (relative to the soil’s porosity and permeability)
Percolation
Percolation - The movement of water through soil by gravity and capillary forces
Throughflow
Throughflow - The horizontal flow of water within soil
Ground water
Groundwater - Water that occupies pore spaces in soil and bedrock
Groundwater flow
Groundwater flow - The movement of groundwater horizontally
Biomass
Biomass - The mass of living or recently living plants or animals
Biofuels
Biofuels - Combustible biomass or fuels derived from biomass
Natural Greenhouse Effect
The process by which radiation reflected from the Earth’s surface is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and prevented from escaping into space, thus keeping the Earth warmer than it would otherwise be.
Formation of iron ore
requires crystallization of iron as oxides, neither silicates nor sulfides, which occur more commonly in ordinary igneous and sedimentary rocks. There are various geological processes that concentrate Fe and form Fe ore deposits, including magmatic, hydrothermal, and sedimentary processes.
Uses of iron ore
Source of primary iron for the world’s iron and steel industries
How is limestone formed
After small marine animals die, their shells and skeletons build up on the ocean floor. Over time, the layers of fragments press down on each other, squeeze out the water, and recrystallize into solid rock.
How is limestone extracted
extracted through blasting
Uses of limestone
It can be used as a building material
It is a major ingredient in toothpaste.
It can be used as a food additive to provide calcium ions for strong teeth and bones.
It can be processed as a useful raw material in the chemical industry.
Why is limestone an important carbon sink
through carbonate sedimentation, it acts as a sink for carbon dioxide
Non-renawable energy
A non-renewable energy resource is one that has an expiration date and will run out
Examples of non renewalable energy
Coal, oil, natural gases
Renewable energy
Renewable energy is energy that comes from a source that won’t run out
Renewable energy examples
Wind power, solar energy, hydropower, bioenergy
