Unit 2: 1754-1800

Question 1

“join or die” and the Albany Congress

Answer 1

Join or die was a famous cartoon (snake thing) by Benjiman Franklin; it was published in the Pennsylvania Gazette a month before the Albany Congress assembled

**it was the most famous cartoon of the colonial era; desinged to unite the colonies against the french and their native allies during the french and indian war.

**the Albany Congress met in 1754 and consisted of 7 colonies’ delegates with the purpose of keeping the Iroquois loyal to the British (they gifted the chiefs many things in return for support) and the purpose of bolstering colonial unity to be stronger against France

Question 2

Battle of Quebec

Answer 2

1759; one of the most significant engagements in British/American history

** the French were defeated by the British who were led by James Wolfe (appointed by William Pitt)

**marked beginning of end of French rule

Question 3

Treaty of Paris 1763

Answer 3

the peace treaty that ended the fighting of the French and Indian war

**removed French power from North America (however they retained several sugar islands in the west indies)

**all of NOLA went to Spain since as payment for be allies with the French

Question 4

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Answer 4

1763: led by Ottawa’s chief, Pontiac

**several tribes aided french traders that remained in the region in a violent campaign to drive the british out of ohio country

**all but 3 posts west of the Appalachians had been over run by Natives

**British retaliated cruelly and crushed the rebellion using tactics such as biological warfare (handing out blankets that had small pox)

Question 5

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 5

**inadvertently caused by the war; explicitly forbading the aquisition of lands in the west of the Appalachians by colonists (trying to give natives that land since theirs was stolen, however colonists weren’t a fan)

**led to the first major revolt against the british

Question 6

Samuel de Champlain

Answer 6

french explorer who settled quebec and was deemed the father of new franch due to his energy and leadership

**friendly with natives

Question 7

William Pitt

Answer 7

Known as the great commoner as he was loved by the common people

**1757 he became the foremost leader in the London government and when he came into power the tide of the war turned to british favor

**changed the british strategies to focus on canada (single front) rather than losing resources on multiple fronts

**got the iroqouis to side with britain

**bribed colonists to fight

**pitt=pittsburg

Question 8

French and Indian War

Answer 8

1754-1763: British (+Iroquois) vs. French (+other natives)

**the american front of the 7 years war

**Britain, France, and Spain competing for power and economic supremacy and fighting over the claim to the ohio river valley led to the start of the war

**Some loser named george washington was unsuccessful

**created unity between the colonies and when it came to an end in 1763 came a MAJOR turning point—->road to revolution THANKS TO; end of salutary neglect and unhappy colonists with war experience who now had a common goal/cause

Question 9

Mercantilism and Navigation Acts

Answer 9

Mercantilism was a theory embraced by british authorities that justified their control over the colonies. Mercantilists believed that wealth was power and that a countries wealth (+millitary/political power) could be measured by the amount of gold/silver in the treasurey.

**in order to amass gold/silver, countries needed to export goods more than they imported them—->the colonies served as an advantage for the mother country since it could supply it with goods leading to a reduction of imported goods SO the london government saw the colonists as tenets who were EXPECTED to furnish products for the mother country (tabacco, sugar, etc.) and were expeced to ONLY import goods from britain and not export products to other countries

**colonists were not to indulge in ideas of economic self-sufficiency and self-government

**parliment passed laws to regulate this mercantilist system starting with the NAVIGATION LAW OF 1650, followed by subsequent navigation laws that stated; all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels, European goods destined for America first had to land in Britain where tariff duties could be collected and British middle ment could take a slice of the profits

**These policies inflicted a currency shortage on the colonies leading the colonists to issue paper money BUT parliment wasn’t happy and prohibited this

**THE MERCANTILIST SYSTEM MADE THE COLONISTS FEEL USED

Question 10

Sugar Act

Answer 10

1764; the first law ever passed that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown; thanks to the prime minister and parliment

**increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the west indies; these duties were lowered after protests from colonists

**agitaiton died down but the resentment was kept burning by the QUARTERING ACT; 1765, that required colonies to provide food and quarters for british troops

Question 11

Stamp Act and Stamp Act Congress

Answer 11

1765; the prime minister imposed the stamp tax which raised revenues to support the new military force by mandationg the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying the payment of tax as stamps were required on almost everything

**the colonists did not agree with the prime ministers stance that these taxes were reasonable

**if you defied this acto or others you’d be tried in ADMIRALTY COURTS; no juries and assumed guilty unless proven innnocent

**many radical whigs lashed back violently at the stamp act LEADING TO NO TAXATION W/OUT REPRESENTATION becoming a slogan

**the stamp act congress was a form of outcry due to the act; in 1765 27 delegates from 9 colonies gathered in NY and after a debate the members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and beseeched the king and parliament to repeal the legislation

**the stamp act congress’s ripples eventually helped lead to intercolonial unity

**more effective than the congress were the nonimportant agreements against british goods that ended upuniting the amercan people and gave them new opportuinites to participate in colonial protests such as the sons and daughters of liberty

**the highly enforced nonimportation agrreements led to the stamp agents/collecters being forced to resign and england was hard hit

**in 1766 the act was repealed

Question 12

No Taxation Without Representation

Answer 12

The outcry of angry colonists fueled by the stamp act

**based on the colonists belief that parliment (that seated no americans) had no right to impose taxes on Americans who belived that only their own elected colonial legistlatives could legally tax them
(direct representation)

**the prime minister dismissed these protests and stated Americans were represented in parliment (virtual representation)

**the principle of no taxation without representation was very important to the colonists who clung to it and americans eventuially denied the authority of parliment and considered their own political independence

Question 13

Townshend Act

Answer 13

1767; charles Townshend convinced parliment to pass the townshend acts which inclluded regulations like a light import duty on glass, paper, paint, tea, etc.

**UNLIKE the stamp tax this was an indirect tax payable at american ports, but the colonists didn’t care about this difference as it was still taxation without representation

**the townshend acts revived the nonimportation agreements, however were less effective and smugglers became more active

Question 14

Boston Massacre

Answer 14

March 5th, 1770; the boston massacre occured when 60ish towns people, who were angry over the presence of the british troops and the death of an 11 year old boy who was shot and killed 10 days prior, began taunting and throwing snowballs at a squad of 10 redcoats, the troop then fired and killed/wounded 11 citizens

**both sides were to blame

Question 15

Committees of Correspondence

Answer 15

Organized by samuel adams (the first one being in boston 1772); their function being to spread the spirit of resistence by exchanging letters and thus keep alive oppostion to British policy

**these committees were the next step and were spreading

**Virginia led the way in 1773 with the house of Burgesses and eventually every colony had established a central committee

** the committees were signigicant in stimulationg sentiment in favor of united aaction

**evolved directly into the first american congress

Question 16

Intolerable Acts

Answer 16

parliments response to the boston tea party was to pass these acts to chastise boston

**consisted of the boston port act (closing the harbor until damages were paid), new quartering act, and the intolerable acts were accompanied in 1774 by the quevec act (dubbed a good law in bad company)

**these acts swept away the rights chartered to colonial massachusettes and the act led to amercan dissenters responding sympathetically to Massachusettes who tried to assist them (sent food and flew flags at 1/2 mast and summoned the first continental congress)

Question 17

Tea Act and Boston Tea Party

Answer 17

december 16, 1773; 100 bostonians dressed as natices, boarded the docked ships filled with the british east inia company’s tea and smashed open 342 crates of tea and dumped them into the ocean

**the tea served as the perfect symbol to rally around as almost every colonist no matter their status consumed tea

**conflict escelated from here on out

Question 18

First Continental Congress

Answer 18

1774;The most memorable response to the intolerable acts

**met in philidelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances and deliverated for 7 weeks

**12/13 colonies sent 55 men (including samule adams, john adams, george washington, and partrick henry)

**intercolonial frictions were partially melted away

**John adamns played a stellar role; swaying his collegues to a revolutionary course—-> the congress drew up several papers; declaration of rights, appeals to other british american colonists and king and british people

**the congress also created the association; which called for the complete boycott of british goods

**the delagets did not yet call for independence

Question 19

Lexington and Concord

Answer 19

april 1775; the british comander in boston sent a detacthment of tropps to nerby lexington and concord where they were to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and also to bag the rebal leaders sam adams and john hancock

**at lexington the colonial “minute men” refused to disperse fast enough and shots were fired; killing 8 americans then redcoats pushed on to concord where they were forced to retreat due to americans—>battle of concord

**marked beginning of war

Question 20

Second Continental Congress

Answer 20

May 10, 1775 the second continental congress met in philadelphia

**all 13 colonies were represented

**no defined sentiment for independence; only hopes that eventually the king/parliment would consent to a readdress of grievances

**new appeals were drafted and spurred, the delegates also adopted measures to rais money and to create and army and navy

**Americans and britains teetered on the brink of all out warfare and congress selected Washington to head the army in boston (continental army)

Question 21

Olive Branch Partition

Answer 21

Adpopted in 1775 by the 2nd continental congress; professing american loyalty to the crown and begging the king to prevent further hostilities, but post bunker hill (where colonists seized the hill and menaced the enemy) the king slammed the door on hope of any reconcilliation

Question 22

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

Answer 22

Common sense, published in 1776, was one of the most influential pamphlets ever written

**written by thomas paine

**common sense argued for the superiority of a republic over a monarchy

**paines writing went a long way towards convincing colonists that their true cause was independance not reconcillation

**paine had been said to have drafted the foundational document not only of american independence, bu american foreighn policy too (the document being common sense)

Question 23

Continental Army

Answer 23

established by the second continental congress on june 14th 1775 as a coordinated effort against britain

**led by washington

**a formal organized way to defend colonies (post lexington and concord)

Question 24

Republicanism

Answer 24

Paine’s radical protestes/ideas didn’t only call for indpendence but for a republic; where power flows from the people not from a corrupt and despotic monarch and that all government officials should derive authority from popular consent (all of this was aruged by paine)

**paine was not the first person to champion a republican form of government; the idea had been advancing since the days of classical greece and rome

Question 25

Lee’s Resolutions

Answer 25

june 7, 1776, Ricahrd Henry Lee moved that “these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states”

**this motion was known as lee’s resolutions and it was adopted nearly a month later onjuly 2nd 1776

**this was the formal declaration of independence by the colonies and technically all that was needed to cut british ties

Question 26

Declaration of Independence

Answer 26

somthing more than Lee’s resolutions were needed; sp shortly after june 7th when he made his remarks, congress appointed a committee to prepare a more formal statement of separation and the task of drafting it fell to Thomas Jefferson

**the declaration of independence was formally approved by congress on July 4th 17776

**it had a universal impact unmatched by any other american documant and was the basis for frances decleration of the rights of man 13 years later

Question 27

Loyalists

Answer 27

were the colonists who were loyal to the king and fought the rebels (patriots), loyalists were also called “tories”

**loyalists numbered about 16% of the american people

**loyalists were most numerous where the anglican church was strongest and were least numerouse in new england where the selfgovernment was especially strong and mercantilism was weak

**pre 1776 persecution of loyalists was mild but post decleration of independence harsher mehtods had prevailed

**british cartoons depiceted loyalists as victims and americans were depicted as savages

Question 28

Battle of Saratoga

Answer 28

october 17, 1777 when general Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at saratoga to the american general gates

**the battle ranks high among the decisive battles of both american and worldy history

**the victory immenslye revived the faltering colonial cause and made it possible for foreigh aid from france (that was needed) to helo ensure american independece

**after the battle, parliment had passed americna home rule

Question 29

Franco-American Alliance

Answer 29

france, thirsting for revenge against britian (post frencha nd indian war) was eager to help america in hopes it would lead to them regaining its former power and prestige and britians downfall as a front-rank power

**america desperatly needed this help

**this set the stage for the new nation to make its diplomatic debut by sealing an alliancce with france against their common british foe

**americans harboured revolutinary ideas about internatinal affairs; wanting and end to colonialism and mercantalism and hoping to support free trade/freedom of the seas along with the hope to substitute the rule of law for the reliance on raw power to arbitrate the afffairs of notations SO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS drafted a model treaty (proposed by ben franklin)

**in 1778 out of fear of anglo amercin reconsilliation (post home rule allowal) france offered the americans a similar treaty that was a military alliance (not exctly something great for the new nation but whatever) this treaty officially recognized amercas independece and the revolution became a world war

Question 30

Treaty of Paris 1783

Answer 30

the treaty, based on the prelimanry treaty of peace in 1782, that ended the revolutionary war

**britain formally recognized the independence of the united states and granted generouse boundaries

**the americans had to yield important concessions; loyalists were not to be further oersecuted and congress was to recomment to the state legislatures that confiscated loyalist property be restored

**britain had to pay enormous dividents and the conflice with the colonies almost bled them dry—-> ending the war allowed them to rebuild eventually leading them to precail against napoleaon and become a world power again in the 19th century

Question 31

George Washington

Answer 31

A Virginian who was commander in chief of the continental army and president of the constitutional convention; later the first president of the US and founding father

Question 32

Republican motherhood

Answer 32

an idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women; giving them prestiogus roles as the speacial keepers of the nations conscience

**the roots for this concept came from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to its child

**education opportunites for women were also expeanded in the expectation that educated wives and mothers could better the virtues demanded by the republic

**republican women bore a cruicial responsibility for the survival of the nation

Question 33

Articles of Confederation

Answer 33

shortly before declaring independencein 1776, the second continenetal congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation; the finished product was the articles of confederatio

**adopted by congress in 1777

**the articles weren’t ratified by all 13 colonises till 1781 (less than 8 months before yorktown)

**the nations first constitution

**limited/weak (on purpose) because the individual states held most of the power and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate tradem or control coinage

**dubbed the articles of confusion

**linked 13 individual colonies to deal with common problems like foreign affairs

**no executve branch and the judiciarywas left almost exclusively to the state

**each state had a single vote

**led to disorganization with each state being differnt

**despite being weak the articles proved to be a landmakr in government and were a stepping stone to the constitiuiton

Question 34

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 34

the first of the red-letter laws that said the acreage of the old northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to help pay off national debt

**set up how the new land gained after the revolution would be distributed and organized

**set up townships that were 6 sq mile; each split in 36 sections of 1 sq mile and the 16th section of each township was set aside to be sold for the benefit of public schools

**huge success for the articles of confederation and set precedent for future frontier states

Question 35

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Answer 35

Steps to admit a new state

**more noteworthy than the ordinace of 1785

**related to the governing of the old north west

**came to grips with the problem of how a nation should deal with its colonies and the solution was a judicias compromise; 2 stages, the first being that land would be under control of the gorvernment till it had 60,000 inhabitants then it could be admitted as a state by congress

**forbade slavery in the old northwest (current slaves were exepted from this tho)

Question 36

Shay’s Rebellion

Answer 36

1786; An alarming uprising that flared up in wester Massachusettes

**backcountry farmers (many war vets) were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies leadin gdanial shay and desperate debtors to demand that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspen property take overs

**100s of angry agitatiors grabbed their muskets to try and enforce their demands and were met with a small army that crushed them

**the Massachusettes legistalture passed a debtor relief law that shay had championed for

**fears occured after this rebeillion that the revolution had created amobocracy

Question 37

Constitutional Convention/Ratification of the constitution

Answer 37

**may 25 1787

**held in complete secrecy

**members dubbed demi gods and George Washington was the chairman

Friends and critics of the articles of confederation agreed it needed some strenghting leading to the adoption of a completly new constitution, which spared the republic much costly indecison, uncertainty, and turmoil

**Control of commerce had touched off the chain reaction leading to the constitutional convention (cabinet battle hamilton???)—-»> he’s why they met next year again to discuss not only commerce but the articles of confederation

**initially to revise the articles of confederation

**pain, jefferson, john addams, samuel adams, and hancock were absent and apparently Patrick Henry smelled a rat

**republicanism

Question 38

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 38

**called the participants of the constitutional convention demigods

Question 39

James Madison

Answer 39

profound student of government, dubbed the father of the constitution

Question 40

Alexander Hamilton

Answer 40

advocate of superpwerful central government

**saved constitutional convention from cmpleate failure by calling upon congress to summon a conventionto meet in philadelphia the next year to not only deal with commerce but to bolster the fabric of the articles of confederation

Question 41

John Adams

Question 42

Federalism and Seperation of Powers

Question 43

Great Compromise

Question 44

3/5ths Compromise

Answer 44

deral

Question 45

Federalists

Question 46

Anti-federalists

Question 47

The Federalist Papers

Question 48

Bill of Rights