Unit 2 Flashcards
When was the Pan-African Congress launched?
6th April 1959
Launched in Soweto.
Who was the first president of the Pan-African Congress?
Robert Sobukwe
A key figure in the PAC.
What did the PAC object to regarding the ANC’s freedom charter?
They believed the nation’s wealth shouldn’t be shared with white people
This reflected their stance on racial issues.
What was the date of the PAC’s nationwide anti-pass campaign?
21st March 1960
This campaign was part of their broader resistance efforts.
What was the purpose of the PAC’s campaign on 21st March 1960?
To leave passes at home and gather at a police station for arrest
A non-violent protest strategy.
What did Robert Sobukwe emphasize about the PAC’s campaign?
It should be done in a spirit of absolute non-violence
Non-violence was a key principle for the PAC.
How many armed police were present at the Sharpeville police station during the protest?
300 armed police
The police response was significant in the context of the protest.
How many protesters were there during the Sharpeville incident?
5000 protesters
The large turnout highlighted the widespread discontent.
What was the outcome of the confrontation at Sharpeville?
69 dead and 180 wounded
A tragic result of the police opening fire on the crowd.
True or False: The ANC and PAC planned their anti-pass campaigns on the same day.
False
The ANC’s campaign was planned for 31st March 1960.
Fill in the blank: The PAC was a breakaway group that objected to the _______ as they believed only black people should fight for their rights.
congress alliance
This indicates their desire for black autonomy in the struggle.
What were the causes of the massacre
Pass laws, Police training, other grievances
What were the causes of the massacre
Pass laws, Police training, other grievances
What was the international reaction
The UN Security Council condemned South Africa
Investors withdrew and share prices plummeted on gold and diamonds
Following the massacre what two leaders of the ANC and PAC were arrested
Alberta Luthuli (ANC)
Robert Subokwe (PAC)
What did political figures in South Africa do after the Luthuli and Subokwe were detained
Skipped the country and went into exile
Who left the country in 1960 and was tasked with mobilising international financial and diplomatic support ?
Oliver Tambo
What happened on the 24 March 1960
101 people led by Phillip kgosana marched to the police headquarters in Caledon Square
What was expected of the protesters
Offer themselves for arrest
What did the minister of justice do in repsonse on the 25th of March
Suspend pass laws
On the 30th March 1960 what did Kgosana propose
Agreed to dispose protesters if a meeting with JB Vorster was arranged however he was arrested on arrival, after he was present bail he exiled himself
What did the government declare on the 30th of April
State of emergency
What did the Unlawful Organisation Act entail
Banned the ANC and the PAC meaning the police and army could arrest and detain making opposition difficult
When was the MK formed
16th December 1961
Why was the timing of the military wing difficult
On the same day in 1938 Afrikaners defeated the Zulu’s and the treason trial was being heard
What was Luthulis suggestion
His commitment to non-violence was deeply moral and proposed the military movement could be a seperate organisation
Who ran MK
Joe Slovo and Nelson Mandela
What was the military wing of the PAC called
POQO
What was POQO’s aim
To overthrow the South African government and replace it with an socialist African state
How may acts of Sabotage did POQO carry out in the first 18months
200
Why were POQO initially successful
The repressive power of the state
No physical base in South Africa
little training and support
What was the name of the military operation that the MK high command began to consider
Operation Mayibuye
What was the farm brought for underground operation and what day did the security Branch police raid the farm
11th July 1963
What documents were found at lilliesleaf
Documents planning to overthrow the government
Under what law were the men kept in detention
Ninety day detention law
Who was put on trial and how long did it last for
-Nelson Mandela
-Bob Hepple
-Dennis Goldberg
9th October 1963 86days
Who was the prosecution and defence led by
Prosecution: Percy Yutar
Defence: Bram Fischer (white afrikaner)
Who was the judge and what was the MK members accused of
Judge: Justice De Wet
Treason: sabotage, recruiting fighters, links with communist groups, soliciting money from forgein states
What did Mandela say when put on the stand
He was a founder of MK, justified the charge of Sabotage and revised the 50 year commitment to non-violence
What was the verdict and sentence
-guilty
-life imprisonment on Robben Island
What did Minister of Justice Vorster announce that had an impact on the prisoners
The decrease or sentence would not be applicable to political prisoners
What was the impact of there imprisonment on the ANC
They did not have a leader, beginning of the silent sixties, Slovo in Exile, communication was limited
What was ARM
African resistance movement (white people against apartheid)
What did John Harris do in protest of Rivonia
On July 24th he planted a bomb in the white section of Johannesburg railroad station killing a woman and recieved the death penalty for politically inspired acts of violence
What was the economy like in the 1960s
Grew by 5% a year
Main exports in foreign investment
1963-1972 investment doubled
Who was investing in SA
Barclays Bank
Coca Cola
Volkswagen
What hampered Diversification
Low levels of production
Bantu education policy
