Unit 2 Flashcards
Function of a Ribosome
Ribosomes are made up of rRNA and synthesize proteins.
Function of Smooth ER
Smooth ER goes through a process of detoxification and synthesizes lipids. It also does carbohydrate metabolism, calcium ion storage, steroid metabolism and drug detoxification
Function of Rough ER
It creates and moves new proteins to their proper destinations in the cell or to the cell membrane
Function of the golgi apparatus
Correct folding and chemical modifications of newly synthesizes proteins and packaging for protein synthesis
Function of a mitochondria
Helps with cellular respiration and creates ATP, which gives the cell energy
differences in the membranes of a mitochondrion
Outer membrane: separates mitochondrion from cytosol
Inner membrane: contains cristae (folds)
What is cellular respiration?
the process through which cells convert sugars into energy
Function of a lysosome
Contain powerful enzymes that that break down harmful cell products, waste materials, and cell debris. They digest bacteria and break down cells that are ready to die.
Function of a central vacuole
Used for the storage of water and nutrients
what is a contractile vacuole
take water from the cytoplasm and excrete it from the cell to avoid bursting due to osmotic pressure
Function of a chloroplast
Responsible for photosynthesis, containing its own DNA and Ribosomes.
Function of nucleus
Stores nucleotides and cell DNA
Function of an ER
It plays a major role in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids
what is apoptosis
A way of getting rid of damaged cells through a process called programmed cell death
Function of a thylakoid and grana
Thylakoids are small stacks. A singular stack of thylakoid makes one granum (multiple are called grana).
They contain chlorophyll and cause light reactions to occur
What is the Krebs cycle
a series of enzyme catalysed reactions occurring in the mitochondrial matrix, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain.
What is the Calvin Benson cycle
takes molecules of carbon straight out of the air and turns them into plant matter.
Function of a mitochondrial matrix
Energy production and contain enzymes for metabolism and mitochondrial DNA
Function of a vesicle
In the cytoplasm, moves macromolecules or large particles across the plasma membrane.
Function of a cell wall
provides strength and structural support to the cell and can control to some extent what types and concentrations of molecules enter and leave the cell.
What is the surface area-to-volume ratio
it affects the ability of a cell to obtain necessary resources, eliminate waste products, acquire or dissipate thermal energy, and exchange chemicals and energy with the environment.
How does cell size affect surface area-to-volume ratio
The smaller the cell, the greater the surface area-to-volume ratio is. The greater the surface-area to volume ratio of a cell, the easier it is for the cell to get rid of wastes and take in oxygen and nutrients.
What are phospholipids
They are made up of a polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) head and two non-polar, hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail.
Since there is fluid outside of the cell the water loving heads point out towards the water, and the water fearing tails point inwards, and push the water out.
what is a cell membrane
its a phospholipid bilayer that is common to all living cells. Its function is to keep the cell as a distinct entity in a water-based environment.
what is selective permeability
The ability to allow only certain molecules in or out of the cell. Also allows for the formation of concentration gradients of solutes across the membrane.
Difference between Integral monotopic proteins and Peripheral membrane proteins
Integral monotopic proteins: permanently attached to the membrane from only one side
Peripheral membrane proteins (aka extrinsic proteins): are hydrophilic and only temporarily associated with the membrane
Difference between Channel proteins, gated channel proteins, and carrier proteins
Channel proteins: acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly
Gated channel proteins: a transport protein that opens a “gate,” allowing specific molecules and ions to pass through the membrane.
Carrier Proteins: “carry” the ion or molecule across the membrane by changing shape after the binding of the ion or molecule
how to small nonpolar molecules pass through the membrane
through passive diffusion
how to polar uncharged molecules pass through the membrane
Through facilitated transport proteins
What is passive transport
The net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. It also plays a primary role in the import of materials and the export of wastes.
difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Diffusion: requires no energy input by the cell
Facilitated Diffusion: does involve the assistance of transport proteins
what is active transport
movement of molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration that requires the direct input of energy. It pumps molecules and ions against a concentration gradient.
What is vesicle transport
large molecules that are moved across the membrane in bubble-like sacks that are made from pieces of the membrane. Vesicular transport includes exocytosis and endocytosis.
what is concentration gradient
The difference in the concentrations of the molecules in the two areas
difference between endocytosis and exocytosis
Endocytosis: the cell takes in macromolecules and by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.
Exocytosis: internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell.
What is phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis known as “cellular eating” that occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell.
What is pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis known as “cellular drinking” that occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell.
what is osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
difference between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic
Hypotonic: solution with the lower concentration (causes cell to explode)
Hypertonic: solution with the higher solute concentration (causes cell to shrivel)
Isotonic: Solutions of equal solute concentration
What is turgor pressure
the force exerted by stored water against a cell wall.
what is osmoregulation
It maintains water balance and allows control of internal solute composition in both plants and animals.
what does compartmentalization do?
compartmentalization organizes the parts inside the cell and protects them from the external environment and increases molecular collisions
difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Compared to Eukaryotes, prokaryotes unicellular organisms, are smaller, have a complex cell wall, and lack a nucleus
what is endosymbiotic theory
A theory that explains how organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by other cells.
function of aquaporins
allow water to diffuse across the membrane at a very fast rate
what is sodium- potassium pump (aka Na+/K+-ATPase)
An ATPase, which is a primary active transport, that helps to maintain the cell potential
how does photosynthesis occur
The chloroplast takes in sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Then it goes through a process and uses ATP to release oxygen and glucose.
How do subcellular components and organelles contribute to the function of the cell
release energy, while others produce proteins, transport substances, and control cellular activities.
Difference between totipotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cells
Totipotent: have the ability to form and entire new organism
Pluripotent: have the ability to become any type of cell in the body, but cannot form an entire new organism
What is the heat shock factor
A protein that responds to changes in temperature by regulating the expression of gene involved in heat shock response
What is cotransport
A type of secondary active transport that uses energy from an electrochemical gradient to transport two different ions across the membrane through a protein.
different between symport and antiport
Symport: two different i0ons are transported in the same direction
Antiport: two different ions are transported in opposite directions
what is tonicity
The concentration of a solute compared to another solution
what is water potential
The potential energy of water per unit area compared to pure water
what are plasmodesmoids
Microscopic channels that traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells.
how do folds (crisae) affect the function of cells
The folds allow the cell to transport goods in and out of the cell more efficiently.
describe the fluid mosaic model
A model that proposes that integral membrane proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
what are transport vesicles
Sacs withing the ER that easily shuttle proteins between the ER and the Golgi apparatus
