Unit 2 Flashcards
Bryophytes
non vascular plants
vascular plants
have a specialized system of transportation, use bulk flow
Roots of the word “bryophyte”
bryo=moss, phyte=plant
Plants that are considered bryophytes
liverworts, mosses, hornworts
4 main subgroups of vascular plants
lycophytes, ferns & horsetails, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Lycophyte
lyco-wolf, “club mosses” (not true mosses), , no seeds (use spores)
Ferns & Horsetails
different groups but lumped together, reproduce the same way, no seeds
Gymnosperms
sperm=seed, gymno=naked, seeds don’t have cover (needles/cones)
Angiosperms
angio=vessel/container, vessel is the ovary of the plant
Roots
water and nutrient absorption, stabilization, as much biomass below ground as there is above
Shoots
stems, leaves, reproductive organs (flowers/cones)
Homeostasis
Keeping the right amount of CO2, water, oxygen etc. within the plant
Transpiration
loss of water through leaves through evaporation
Abscisic acid
hormone that helps plants adapt to unfavorable conditions and regulate their growth and development
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
CAM photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
sometimes referred to as C4 photosynthesis
Two kinds of angiosperms
Monocots and Dicots (-cot stands for cotyledon, cotyledon is a seed leaf)
Monocot
1/4 of all angiosperms, when the seed germinates, the monocot sends out one leaf, tend to have parallel leaves
Dicots
3/4 of all angiosperms, branching veins, when the seed germinates, the dicot sends out two leaves
Parenchyma cells
pith (add more to this definition)
Vascular bundles
contain xylem and phloem
Xylem
moves water and nutrients, goes from roots to shoots (called xylem sap)
Phloem
moves sugars and carbohydrates (phloem sap)
Sclerenchyma cells
cap on top of xylem and phloem
Monocot stem
Vascular bundles found all throughout, vascular bundles are called atactostele and only line the outside
Primary cell wall in xylem is made of
cellulose
Secondary cell wall of xylem
makes lignin
Lignin
has little holes called pits which let water in and out but not air
Tracheids
long tapered cells that support the plant and serve as a vessel for the transportation of water and nutrients
Vessel elements
all stack on top of each other making a long straw which we would call a vessel
Cavitation
occurs when gases get inside the xylem vessel and breaks connection of water molecule chain
Two ways cavitation can occur
too strong of a sucking force will suck air into the pits (more likely to happen to a vessel), freezing; when water freezes, it loses solubility and forms little air bubbles, when thawed little air bubbles become one big bubble
