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anatomy > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

the study of tissues, especially with a microscope

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2
Q

Tissues definition

A
  • Aggregation of similar cells, their products, and materials
    surrounding
  • Have specific structure & function
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3
Q

Tissue components

A
  • cell
  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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4
Q

ECM Components (varies by tissue type

A
  • Extracellular fluid- mostly water
  • Proteins
    -Glycoproteins attached to plasma membranes
    -Fibrous proteins- long, thin proteins like collagen
    -Proteoglycans- enormous carbohydrates with
    multiple protein-carbohydrate attachments
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5
Q

ECM Functions

A
  • Protection of cells
  • Holds cells together
  • Facilitates cellular communication
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6
Q

Other names for ECM

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Tissue fluid
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7
Q

types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

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8
Q

types of Epithelial tissues

A

Simple
- Simple Squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar
- Pseudostratified Columnar

Stratified
- Stratified Squamous
- Stratified Columnar
- Stratified Cuboidal
- Transitional

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9
Q

types of Connective tissue

A
  • Fibrous Connective
    Tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
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10
Q

types of Fibrous Connective
Tissue

A

Loose Fibrous
Connective Tissue (Areolar, Reticular, Adipose)

Dense Fibrous
Connective Tissue (Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, Elastic)

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11
Q

types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

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12
Q

types of bone

A

Spongey and Compact

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13
Q

types of Muscular tissues

A

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

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14
Q

how are cells in tissues joined?

A

Cells in tissues, especially epithelial tissues,
often are joined together by junctions

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15
Q

Junction Functions

A
  • Bind cells together
  • Allow near-instant cell-cell communication
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16
Q

Typical Junction Locations

A
  • Lateral surface- side of cells
  • Basal surface- bottom of cell
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17
Q

Types of Cellular Junctions

A
  • Tight Junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Hemidesmosomes
  • Gap Junctions
18
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • Tightly joins epithelial cells near apical surface
  • Seals space between cells
    • Prevents fluids squeezing between cells
    • Prevents bacterial invasion
  • Weak- can be broken easily
19
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • Holds cells together
  • Strong- Resists mechanical stress
  • Loose, not continuous like tight junctions
20
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A
  • Half-desmosomes
  • Bind basal cells of epithelial tissue to underlying
    fibers (basement membrane)
  • Prevents cells from peeling away
21
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • AKA Communicating Junction
  • 6 proteins forming a large channel
  • Solutes and water pass through cell-to-cell
  • Allows near-instant communication
  • Common in smooth muscle & cardiac muscle
22
Q

how do tissues grow

A

Tissues grow by increasing in cell number or size

23
Q

Hyperplasia

A

growth due to increase in cell number

24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

growth due to increase in cell size

25
Q

Stem cells

A

Differentiate to give rise to cell/ tissue types

26
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells- give rise to ALL cell
types

27
Q

Totipotent

A

can become all adult cell types
and placenta cells

28
Q

Pluripotent

A

can become all adult cell types

29
Q

Adult stem cells

A

give rise to 1 or a small number of cell types

30
Q

types of adult stem cells

A
  • Multipotent- a few types
  • Unipotent- 1 type
31
Q

Atrophy

A

loss of cell size
- Caused by disuse and/or aging

32
Q

Apoptosis

A

planned loss of cell number

  • Programmed cell death
  • Non-inflammatory
33
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • Organ development- removing excess cells
  • Normal maintenance- cycling out older/damaged cells
34
Q

Necrosis

A

death of cells

  • Due to lack of blood supply or damage
  • Inflammatory
  • Not always reversable
35
Q

Regeneration

A
  • Replacing dead cells with cells of same type
  • Restores organ function
36
Q

Fibrosis

A
  • Replacing dead cells with scar tissue-
    Mostly fibrous proteins like collagen
  • Does not fully restore organ function
  • Faster, requires fewer resources
37
Q

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

A
  • Closely adhering cells, one or more layers thick
  • Almost no extracellular matrix
38
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A
  • Line organs, form glands
  • Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Filtration
    and/or Sensation
39
Q
A
  • Cell polarity- cells are not perfectly symmetrical
  • Apical surface- upper
  • Basal surface- lower
  • Lateral surface- side
40
Q
A

anatomy (6 decks)

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