chap. 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
the study of structure
What is physiology?
the study of function
(or the processes that cells carry out to survive)
Explain the interrelationship between anatomy and physiology
“Form follows function”
The structure of anatomical features determines their function.
It is impossible to study the two subjects separately.
What is a living thing?
Living things are defined by
having all characteristics of life
What is a non-living thing?
Non-living things are missing at
least one characteristic of life
What are the characteristics of life
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Homeostasis, Development (Growth and Differentiation), Reproduction, and Evolution
Organization
- typically more complex than non-living structures.
- Functional unit (smallest component with all characteristics of life)- the cell
Metabolism
- All the cellular processes and chemical reactions of the body
- Life brings in energy and uses it for cellular functions
Responsiveness
ability to sense changes
(stimuli) and react to them
Development
Development- changes in organism over time
- Growth- increase in size or number of cells
- Differentiation- change of cells from general to
specialized
Reproduction
produces new cells or new organisms
Homeostasis
ability to maintain internal stability
Order of the Hierarchy of Complexity
- Atoms
- Molecules/Chemicals
- Macromolecules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
Evolution
- changes over generations to a population
- Caused by genetic mutations and differential survival/reproduction
Atoms
Smallest unit of matter
Molecules
At least 2 atoms bonded together
(AKA Compound)
Macromolecules
Large molecule
Organelles
Components of a cell with
specific structure and function
Cells
- functional unit of life
- most basic structure considered alive
- Cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane
Tissues
Group of similar cells, their products, and the materials surrounding those cell
Organs
two or more tissues functioning together
Organ Systems
Multiple organs functioning together
Organism
Multiple organ systems functioning together
Structure and function are related
- Form follows function
- The structure (size, shape, components) of anatomical features determines their function
Energy
ATP is made from nutrients we eat. ATP is broken down to power chemical reactions
(Energy powers metabolism)
How is energy gained
energy is gained from breaking molecular bonds
explain ATP and metabolism
- Energy is gained from breaking molecular
- Nutrient bonds broken to make ATP
- ATP bonds broken to power other reactions
explain Information flow
- stimuli are detected by sensory receptors
- sensory receptors send input/afferent signal to a control center
- control center decides what to do with the sensory information
- Control center sends output/efferent signal
- Efferent signal causes an effect in response to the stimulus
Gradient
uneven distribution of materials across a location
Gradient flow
- materials spontaneously flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration
- We say that gradient components “flow down” their gradient
- Movement “up” a gradient requires energy
Diffusion
Spontaneous movement from areas of high concentration to low concentration
Concentration gradient
(AKA Molecular gradient)
there’s more of an object at point A than point B
Temperature gradient
(AKA Thermal gradient)
Difference in temperature between points A&B
Pressure gradient
difference in pressure between points A & B
Electrical gradient
difference in charge
Negative feedback system
oppose change, maintain homeostasis
Positive feedback system
- amplify change
- oppose homeostasis
- self-amplifying
- rapid change
- bad
Homeostasis
maintaining a relatively stable internal environment
stimulus
anything that affects a variable and moves it away from its set point
variable
physiologic component being maintained
set point
ideal normal value of a particular variable
normal range
values of a particular variable as it fluctuates around the set point
receptor
monitors value of variable
effector
anatomical structure that can change the value of the variable
control center
establishes the set point
