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anatomy > chap. 1 > Flashcards

chap. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of structure

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

the study of function
(or the processes that cells carry out to survive)

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3
Q

Explain the interrelationship between anatomy and physiology

A

“Form follows function”
The structure of anatomical features determines their function.
It is impossible to study the two subjects separately.

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4
Q

What is a living thing?

A

Living things are defined by
having all characteristics of life

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5
Q

What is a non-living thing?

A

Non-living things are missing at
least one characteristic of life

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of life

A

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Homeostasis, Development (Growth and Differentiation), Reproduction, and Evolution

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7
Q

Organization

A
  • typically more complex than non-living structures.
  • Functional unit (smallest component with all characteristics of life)- the cell
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8
Q

Metabolism

A
  • All the cellular processes and chemical reactions of the body
  • Life brings in energy and uses it for cellular functions
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9
Q

Responsiveness

A

ability to sense changes
(stimuli) and react to them

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10
Q

Development

A

Development- changes in organism over time

  • Growth- increase in size or number of cells
  • Differentiation- change of cells from general to
    specialized
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11
Q

Reproduction

A

produces new cells or new organisms

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability to maintain internal stability

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13
Q

Order of the Hierarchy of Complexity

A
  • Atoms
  • Molecules/Chemicals
  • Macromolecules
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ Systems
  • Organism
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13
Q

Evolution

A
  • changes over generations to a population
  • Caused by genetic mutations and differential survival/reproduction
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14
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit of matter

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15
Q

Molecules

A

At least 2 atoms bonded together
(AKA Compound)

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16
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecule

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17
Q

Organelles

A

Components of a cell with
specific structure and function

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18
Q

Cells

A
  • functional unit of life
  • most basic structure considered alive
  • Cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane
19
Q

Tissues

A

Group of similar cells, their products, and the materials surrounding those cell

20
Q

Organs

A

two or more tissues functioning together

21
Q

Organ Systems

A

Multiple organs functioning together

22
Q

Organism

A

Multiple organ systems functioning together

23
Q

Structure and function are related

A
  • Form follows function
  • The structure (size, shape, components) of anatomical features determines their function
24
Q

Energy

A

ATP is made from nutrients we eat. ATP is broken down to power chemical reactions

(Energy powers metabolism)

25
Q

How is energy gained

A

energy is gained from breaking molecular bonds

26
Q

explain ATP and metabolism

A
  • Energy is gained from breaking molecular
  • Nutrient bonds broken to make ATP
  • ATP bonds broken to power other reactions
27
Q

explain Information flow

A
  • stimuli are detected by sensory receptors
  • sensory receptors send input/afferent signal to a control center
  • control center decides what to do with the sensory information
  • Control center sends output/efferent signal
  • Efferent signal causes an effect in response to the stimulus
28
Q

Gradient

A

uneven distribution of materials across a location

29
Q

Gradient flow

A
  • materials spontaneously flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration
  • We say that gradient components “flow down” their gradient
  • Movement “up” a gradient requires energy
30
Q

Diffusion

A

Spontaneous movement from areas of high concentration to low concentration

31
Q

Concentration gradient
(AKA Molecular gradient)

A

there’s more of an object at point A than point B

32
Q

Temperature gradient
(AKA Thermal gradient)

A

Difference in temperature between points A&B

33
Q

Pressure gradient

A

difference in pressure between points A & B

34
Q

Electrical gradient

A

difference in charge

35
Q

Negative feedback system

A

oppose change, maintain homeostasis

36
Q

Positive feedback system

A
  • amplify change
  • oppose homeostasis
  • self-amplifying
  • rapid change
  • bad
37
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining a relatively stable internal environment

38
Q

stimulus

A

anything that affects a variable and moves it away from its set point

39
Q

variable

A

physiologic component being maintained

40
Q

set point

A

ideal normal value of a particular variable

41
Q

normal range

A

values of a particular variable as it fluctuates around the set point

42
Q

receptor

A

monitors value of variable

43
Q

effector

A

anatomical structure that can change the value of the variable

44
Q

control center

A

establishes the set point

anatomy (6 decks)

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