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NAT5 BIOLOGY > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 plant organs

A

Roots
Stem
Leaves

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2
Q

What main substances are transported by plant organs?

A

Water
Minerals
Sugar

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3
Q

How are water and minerals taken from soil to plant leaves?

A

The roots absorb the water & minerals
The stems transport it
The leaves receive it

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4
Q

What 2 main reasons is water needed for?

A
  1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Plants making food from sunlight. Happens in leaves.
  2. TRANSPORTING DISSOLVED MATERIALS - For example minerals.
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5
Q

How do plant roots absorb water?

A

Root Hair Cells
They have large surface area to be efficient.

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6
Q

How do plant stems transport water and minerals?

A

Xylem tubes are:
Hollow
Made of dead cells
Lignified (strengthened with lignin)

This allows xylem to withstand water pressure changes in transport.

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7
Q

Define transpiration.

A

The process of water moving through the plant and evaporating from leaves.

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8
Q

How does transpiration work?

A

Water is lost from stomata (pores). They can be open or closed.

Guard Cells control the opening and closing of stomata.

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9
Q

What gases are absorbed from plant leaves by stomata?

A

Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen.

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10
Q

How does wind speed affect transpiration?

A

Wind speed INCREASES transpiration because the water released by transpiration is blown away from the plant quicker.

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11
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

Humidity DECREASES transpiration because the water will evaporate slower in already wet conditions.

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12
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

Increased temperature increases transpiration because higher temperatures cause water to evaporate faster.

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13
Q

How does surface area affect transpiration?

A

Increased surface area increases transpiration because there are more stomata for water to leave from.

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14
Q

How is the rate of transpiration measured?

A

With a potomer.

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15
Q

Glucose is made in the leaves of a plant during __

A

Photosynthesis

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16
Q

How is sugar transported through a plant?

A

Phloem

17
Q

What is phloem made from?

A

Living tissue

18
Q

What is the function of the UPPER EPIDERMIS?

A

A layer of transport cells.

They allow light to pass through to the next layer.

19
Q

Define fertilisation.

A

Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote which divides to form an embryo.

20
Q

How can transpiration rate be measured?

A

Using a potometer.

21
Q

State 4 facts about the heart.

A
  • Has 4 chambers
  • 4 valves to prevent backflow of blood
  • 4 associated blood vessels
  • Coronary arteries provide nutrients and oxygen
22
Q

State the 3 types of blood vessels.

A

Vein
Artery
Capillary

23
Q

State the structure and function of an artery.

A

Structure: Thick muscular wall, narrow central channel

Function: Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart

24
Q

State the structure and function of a vein.

A

Structure: Thin muscular wall wider central channel, contain valves

Function: Carry blood at low pressure back into the heart

25
Q

State the structure and function of a capillary.

A

Structure: Thin walls, large surface area, form networks at organs and tissues

Function: Allows exchange of materials between blood and cells

26
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Red blood cells
Plasma
White blood cells

27
Q

State 2 facts about white blood cells.

A
  • Part of the immune system
  • Destroy pathogens
28
Q

State 3 facts about the structure of red blood cells.

A
  • Biconcave shape
  • No nucleus
  • Contains haemoglobin
29
Q

State 2 types of white blood cell and their functions.

A

Phagocytes: carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens.

Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies specific to just one type of pathogen.

30
Q

What 2 materials must be absorbed into the bloodstream and why?

A

Oxygen
Nutrients from food

They must be delivered to cells for respiration.

31
Q

What materials must be removed from the bloodstream?

A

Waste materials such as carbon dioxide.

32
Q

What 3 features do surfaces involved in the absorption of materials have in common and why?

A

Large surface area
Thin walls
Extensive blood supply

These features all increase the efficiency of absorption.

33
Q

What are the 3 food groups?

A
  • Carbohydrates (starch)
  • Proteins
  • Fats
34
Q

What are the 3 food groups broken down into by enzymes?

A
  • Glucose (Carbs)
  • Amino acids (Proteins)
  • Fatty acids and glycerol (Fat)
35
Q

How are nutrients from food absorbed?

A

By the Villi (villus) in the small intestine.

36
Q

In a villus, what does the network of capillaries do?

A

Absorbs glucose and amino acids.

37
Q

In a villus, what is the lacteal responsible for?

A

Absorbing fatty acids and glycerol.

38
Q

How is oxygen absorbed?

A

Into the alveoli im the lungs.

39
Q

How does an alveolus give oxygen and remove carbon dioxide?

A
  • Oxygen is absorbed from the thin alveolar walls into the capillaries.
  • Carbon dioxide is absorbed into the thin alveolar walls from the capillaries.

NAT5 BIOLOGY (1 decks)

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