Unit 1 Flashcards
What are all living things made up of?
Cells
What are the four main types of cells?
Animal
Plant
Fungus
Bacterial
What are cells made up of?
Organelles
Which organelles does an ANIMAL CELL have?
(1) Cell Membrane
(2) Ribosome
(3) Cytoplasm
(4) Mitochondria
(5) Nucleus
What organelles does a FUNGUS (Yeast) CELL have?
(1) Cell Membrane
(2) Ribosome
(3) Cytoplasm
(4) Mitochondria
(5) Nucleus
(6) Cell Wall
(7) Vacuole
What organelles does a PLANT CELL have?
(1) Cell Membrane
(2) Ribosome
(3) Cytoplasm
(4) Mitochondria
(5) Nucleus
(6) Cell Wall
(7) Vacuole
(8) Chloroplast
What organelles does a BACTERIAL CELL have?
(1) Cell Membrane
(2) Ribosome
(3) Cytoplasm
(6) Cell Wall
(9) Plasmid
(10) Chromosomal DNA
What is the function of a CELL MEMBRANE?
Controls entry and exit of materials in the cell
What is the function of a RIBOSOME?
Site of Protein Synthesis
What is the function of a CYTOPLASM?
Site of Chemical Reactions
What is the function of a MITOCHONDRIA?
Site of aerobic respiration
What is the function of a NUCLEUS?
Controls cell activities
What is the function of a CELL WALL?
To support the cell
What is the cell wall made of in plant cells?
Cellulose
What is the cell wall made of in fungal (yeast) and bacterial cells?
Not cellulose
What is the function of a VACUOLE?
Contains cell sap
What is the function of a VACUOLE?
Contains cell sap
What is the function of a CHLOROPLAST?
Site of photosynthesis
What is the function of a PLASMID?
A small ring of DNA
What is the function of CHROMOSOMAL DNA in a bacterial cell?
Carries genetic information
Which type of cells are CELL MEMBRANES found in?
All (Animal, Plant, Fungal (yeast), Bacterial)
Which type of cells are RIBOSOMES found in?
All (Plant, Animal, Fungal (yeast), Bacterial)
Which type of cells are CYTOPLASMS found in?
All (Animal, Plant, Fungal (yeast), Bacterial)
Which type of cells are MITOCHONDRIAS found in?
Animal
Plant
Fungul (yeast)
Which type of cells are NUCLEI found in?
Animal
Plant
Fungal (yeast)
What type of cells are CELL WALLS found in?
Plant
Fungal (yeast)
Bacterial
What type of cells are VACUOLES found in?
Plant
Fungal (yeast)
What type of cells are CHLOROPLASTS found in?
Plant
What type of cells are PLASMIDS found in?
Bacterial
What type of cells are CHROMOSOMAL DNA found in?
Bacterial
What apparatus/device is used to see cells clearly?
A microscope
What is added to miscroscope slides to see cell organelles?
Iodine stain
What is the cell membrane made up of?
Proteins and Phospholids
What are the types of cell membrane transport?
Passive and Active
Describe passive transport.
Where molecules move down a concentration gradient without using energy.
Give two examples of passive transport.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Define diffusion.
The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration. Energy is not required.
Why is diffusion important in humans?
To allow cells to gain glucose and oxygen for respiration and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
Define osmosis.
The movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. Energy is not required.
How does a DILUTED solution affect an ANIMAL cell?
Cell bursts
How does a HIGHLY CONCENTRATED solution affect an ANIMAL cell?
Cell shrinks
How does a DILUTED solution affect a PLANT cell?
Cell becomes TURGID.
Cell swells and contents push against the cell wall.
How does a HIGHLY CONCENTRATED solution affect a PLANT cell?
Cell becomes PLASMOLYSED.
Cell contents shrink and pull away from the cell wall.
Describe active transport.
Active transport requires energy for membrane proteins to move molecules and ions against the concentration gradient.
What is DNA made up of?
Genes
What does a gene code for?
A particular protein
How many strands is DNA made of?
2 strands
What shape is DNA?
Double helix
What are the four bases of DNA?
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
State the base pairs of DNA.
Adenine + Thymine
Guanine + Cytosine
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA
Where are proteins made?
At a ribosome
Describe messenger RNA.
A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA, in the nucleus, to a ribosome, where the protein is assembled from amino acids.
What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?
The sequence of bases in the DNA.
What are the different types of proteins?
Antibodies
Hormones
Receptors
Structural
Enzymes
What is the function of antibodies?
Defend the body from pathogens by destroying them.
What is the function of hormones?
Hormones act as chemical messengers.
What is the function of receptors?
They allow SPECIFIC HORMONES to bind to cells and detect STIMULI.
What is the function of structural proteins?
They make up the cell membrane.
What is the function of enzymes?
They speed up chemical reactions.
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts.
What do enzymes do?
Speed up chemical reactions and remain UNCHANGED after the reaction.
What are enzymes made of and which cells are they found in?
Proteins.
Enzymes are found in ALL living cells.
An enzyme has an __ which has a shape complementary to only one substrate. The enzyme is __ to one substrate.
Active Site
Specific
What are the two types of enzyme reactions?
Degradation
Synthesis
What is degradation?
The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules.
What is synthesis?
The build up of large molecules from smaller molecules.
What is the condition in which the enzyme is at its most active called?
The optimum condition.
What can enzymes (and other proteins) be affected by?
Temperature
pH
What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?
Denaturation is when the shape of the active site changes and will no longer fit the substrate. This will affect the rate of reaction.
How can genetic information be transferred from one cell to another?
Through genetic engineering.
What are the stages of genetic engineering?
- Identify section of DNA containing required vene from source chromosome
- Extract required gene from the chromosome
- Extract plasmid from bacterial cell
- Insert required gene into bacterial plasmid
- Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a Genetically Modified (GM) organism
- Bacterial cell will produce protein coded by inserted gene.
What is genetic engineering used to produce?
Insulin
Human growth hormone
What is respiration?
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions which release the chemical energy stored in glucose.
How is ATP generated?
ATP — a molecule containing energy — is generated from the energy released from the breakdown of glucose.
What can the energy transferred by ATP be used for?
Cellular activities such as:
- Cell division
- Muscle cell contraction
- Protein synthesis
- Transmission of nerve impulses
What is glucose broken down into?
Two molecules of Pyruvate, which releases enough energy to yield two molecules of ATP.
What is ATP?
An energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things.
If oxygen is present in the breakdown of a pyruvate, what will take place?
Aerobic Respiration.
What happens to two molecules of pyruvate during aerobic respiration?
Each pyruvate is broken down into CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER.
This releases enough energy to yield (produce) a large number of ATP molecules.
What is a pyruvate?
The most broken down form of glucose.
Glucose is broken down into two molecules of Pyruvate.
If oxygen is absent in the breakdown of a pyruvate, what will take place?
Fermentation
What happens to two molecules of pyruvate during fermentation in an ANIMAL CELL?
The pyruvate molecules are converted to LACTATE.
What happens to two molecules of pyruvate during fermentation in an PLANT/FUNGAL CELL?
The pyruvate molecules are converted to CARBON DIOXIDE AND ETHANOL.
Where does respiration begin?
In the cytoplasm.
Where is the process of aerobic respiration completed?
In the MITOCHONDRIA
Where is the process of fermentation completed?
In the CYTOPLASM
What is the relation of energy requirement to the number of mitochondria present in a cell?
The HIGHER the energy, the HIGHER the number of mitochondria in a cell.
What is the word equation for Aerobic Respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen ——» Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
What is the word equation for fermentation in Animal Cells?
Glucose ——» Lactate + Energy
What is the word equation for fermentation in Plant/Fungal Cells?
Glucose ——» Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol + Energy
