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Anatomy > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 of the main elements in the human body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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2
Q

What are 8 of the lesser elements in the human body?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron

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3
Q

What does is the significance of oxygen in the human body?

A

Used to generate ATP

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4
Q

What does is the significance of carbon in the human body?

A

Forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA)

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5
Q

What does is the significance of hydrogen in the body?

A

Part of water and most organic molecules. Makes body fluids more acidic

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6
Q

What does is the significance of nitrogen in the human body?

A

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

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7
Q

What does is the significance of calcium in the human body?

A

Hardness of bones and teeth.
Ionized form (Ca2+) needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscle and many other processes.

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8
Q

What does is the significance of potassium in the human body?

A

Ionized form (K+) is the most plentiful cation in ICF and is needed to generate action potentials

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9
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged particle

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10
Q

What does is the significance of sulfur in the human body?

A

Component of some vitamins and many proteins

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11
Q

What does is the significance of sodium in the human body?

A

Ionized (Na+) is the most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid and is essential for maintaining water balance

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12
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negatively charged particle

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13
Q

What does is the significance of magnesium in the human body?

Hint: think +++

A

Ionized form (Mg2+) is needed for the action of many enzymes and molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions in organisms

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14
Q

What does is the significance of iron in the human body?

A

Ionized forms (Fe2+ and Fe 3+) are part of hemoglobin and some enzymes

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15
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Protein that catalyze chemical reactions in living cells

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16
Q

Elements are made of ________

A

Atoms

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17
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter?

A

Atoms

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18
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive

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19
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

Neutral

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20
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative

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21
Q

What is the core of an atom called?

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

How many electrons can the first shell (nearest to nucleus) hold?

A

2

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23
Q

How many electrons can the second shell hold?

A

8

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24
Q

How many electrons can the third shell hold?

A

18

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25
Q

The number of _______ in an atom of an element is equal to the number of _________

A

“Electrons”
“Protons”

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26
Q

How many _________ an atom has is equivilent to its atomic number

A

“Protons”

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27
Q

The mass number of an atom is the sum of its ___________ and ___________

A

“Mass number”
“Protons”
“Neutrons”

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28
Q

Atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons (as as a result mass number) is called what?

A

An isotope

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29
Q

Unstable isotopes are called what?

A

Radioactive isotopes

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30
Q

What is radiation?

A

The release of either subatomic particles or packets of energy as an unstable isotope/radiative isotope decays into a stable configuration

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31
Q

What is the half-life of an isotope defined as?

A

The time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of an isotope to decay into a more stable form

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32
Q

How can radiation be harmful to the human body?

A

Radiation can break apart molecules and produce tissue damage and/or causing various types of cancer

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33
Q

What are 3 medical uses of radioactive isotopes?

A
  1. Destruction of part of an overactive thyroid gland
  2. Tracers (i.e. gastric emptying study)
  3. Treatment of cervical and prostate cancer
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34
Q

What is another name for atomic mass unit (amu)

A

Dalton

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35
Q

The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of all of its naturally occurring what?

A

Isotopes

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36
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is a positive or negatively charged atom

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37
Q

How does an atom become positive?

A

It loses an electron

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38
Q

How does an atom become negative?

A

It gains an electron

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39
Q

What is a molecule defined as?

A

When 2 or more atoms share electrons

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40
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made of 2 or more different elements

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41
Q

An electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell is called what?

A

A free radical

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42
Q

What are some processes that can generate free radicals in the human body?

A

Exposure to UV, x-rays, harmful substances and certain reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes

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43
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic, covalent and hydrogen

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44
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

When an atom or group of atoms gains or loses electrons

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45
Q

Ionic compounds are typically in what state?

A

Solid

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46
Q

Where in the body are ionic bonds typically found?

A

Teeth and bones. (Think: strong ions, solid bones)

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47
Q

What is an electrolyte defined as?

A

An ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions

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48
Q

Electrolytes can do what in the body?

A

Conduct an electric current

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49
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When 2 or more atoms share electrons in their valence shells

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50
Q

What makes a covalent bond stronger?

A

By sharing more electron pairs

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51
Q

What is the most common chemical bond in the body?

A

Covalent bonds

52
Q

Covalent structure form what?

A

Most of the body’s structures

53
Q

When 2 atoms share 1 electron pair it is called what?

A

A single covalent bond

54
Q

When 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons it is called what?

A

A double covalent bond

55
Q

When 2 atoms share 3 pairs of electrons it is called what?

A

A triple covalent bond?

56
Q

When the sharing of electrons in a covalent bond is equal it is called what?

A

A nonpolar covalent bond

57
Q

When the sharing of electrons in a covalent bond are not equal it is called what?

A

A polar covalent bond

58
Q

In a polar covalent bond which atom has a partially negative charge?

A

The atom that is attracting the electron from the other(s)

59
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The power to attract electrons

60
Q

Hydrogen bonds are _____

A

Weak

61
Q

How does a hydrogen bond form?

A

When a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attracts the negative charge of an electronegative atom

62
Q

What is a reactant?

A

The starting substances in a chemical reaction

63
Q

What is a product?

A

The end result of a chemical reaction

64
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy stored by matter due to its position

65
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy in motion

66
Q

What type of reaction releases more energy than they absorb?

A

Exergonic

67
Q

What type of reaction absorbs more energy than it releases?

A

Endergonic

68
Q

How many molecules of ATP can be released from one molecule of glucose?

A

38

69
Q

The energy “investment” in a chemical reaction is called what?

A

Activation energy

70
Q

Absorbing energy does what to the chemical bonds of reactants?

A

They become unstable and their valence electrons form new combinations

71
Q

How do catalysts work?

A

They lower the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

72
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

When 2 or more atoms/molecules/ions combine to form new larger molecules

73
Q

Anabolism is what type of reaction?

A

Synthesis

74
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

When larger molecules are split up into smaller atoms/ions/molecules

75
Q

Catabolism is what type of reaction?

A

Decomposition

76
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

Both synthesis and decomposition reactions

77
Q

Enzymes are what in a chemical reaction?

A

Catalysts

78
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

A reaction that can be reverted into the original reactants. Some are only reversable under special conditions.

79
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Structurally simple compounds that usually lack carbon (water, salts, acids, based)

80
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds containing carbon and often hydrogen. Often complex chains and always have covalent bonds

81
Q

Hydrolysis reactions are involved in what process in the body?

A

Enabling dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body

82
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended but not bound by chemical bonds.

83
Q

A colloid has ______ particles

A

Large

84
Q

A suspension is what?

A

Mixture where suspended particles will eventually settle (ie blood)

85
Q

What does it mean to dissasociate?

A

Separating into ions and become surrounded by water molecules

86
Q

An acid disassociates into what?

A

1 or more hydrogen ions

87
Q

Salts dissociates into what?

A

Cations and anions

88
Q

Acids and bases react with one another to form what?

A

Salts

89
Q

A solution with more H+ than OH- is an what?

A

Acidic solution

90
Q

A solution that has more OH- than H+ is what?

A

A basic solution

91
Q

A pH below 7 is a what

A

Acidic solution

92
Q

A pH above 7 is a what

A

Basic solution

93
Q

The pH of blood is between what?

A

7.35 and 7.45

94
Q

When the blood falls below 7.35 it is called what?

A

Acidosis

95
Q

When the blood rises above 7.45 it is called what?

A

Alkalosis

96
Q

What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

The process in which pH can be maintained in homeostasis

97
Q

A polymer is made up of what?

A

Monomers

98
Q

What is an isomer?

A

A molecule that has the same formula but different structure

99
Q

What is the suffix for monosaccharides?

A

-ose

100
Q

What is the prefix for monosaccharides?

A

How every may carbon atoms they have (from 3-7)
ie. tri-ose

101
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A molecule formed by two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

102
Q

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are what?

A

Simple sugars

103
Q

Carbohydrates are built from what?

A

Monosaccharides

104
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A complex compound made entirely of glucose monomers. The main polysaccharide in the human body is “glycogen”

105
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Hydrophilic protein molecule that is soluble (and in our blood)

106
Q

Fatty acids do what in the body?

A

Used for synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids
Can be catabolized to generate ATP

107
Q

Triglycerides do what in the body?

A

Protection, insulation and energy storage

108
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major lipid component of cell membranes

109
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Minor component of all animal membranes, precursor to bile salts, vit d and steroid hormones

110
Q

What does precursor mean?

A

Come before/prior to

111
Q

Bile salts do what in the body?

A

Aid in digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

112
Q

Vitamin D does what in the body?

A

Helps regulate calcium levels needed for growth and repair

113
Q

Adrenocortical hormones do what in the body?

A

Help regulate metabolism, stress resistance and salt/water balance

114
Q

Sex hormones do what in the body?

A

Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics

115
Q

Eicosanoids do what in the body?

A

Diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown and smooth muscle contraction

116
Q

Carotenes do what in the body?

A

Needed for synthesis of vit A which is used for visual pigments in the eyes, also functions as an antioxidant. (Think: carrots)

117
Q

Vitamin E does what in the body?

A

Promotes wound healing, prevents scarring and contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system. Also an antioxidant

118
Q

What does vitamin K do in the body?

A

Needed for the synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

119
Q

Lipoproteins do what in the body?

A

Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues and remove excess cholesterol from the blood

120
Q

Triglycerides are the body’s what (think energy)

A

Highly concentrated form of chemical energy. They provide nearly twice as much energy per gram as carbs or proteins

121
Q

Cholesterol is synthesized where?

A

The liver

122
Q

What is the starting material for the synthesis of steroids?

A

Cholesterol

123
Q

What are the 5 functions of proteins in the body?

A
  1. Form structures
  2. Be a regulating hormone
  3. Contractile (muscle movement)
  4. Aid in foreign body response Carry vital substances throughout body (hemoglobin)
  5. Act as an enzyme for biochemical reactions
124
Q

DNA is ______ and RNA is _________

A

DNA is the information of genetic information
RNA is the instruction of the genes

125
Q
A

Anatomy (4 decks)

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