Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are 4 of the main elements in the human body?
A
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
2
Q
What are 8 of the lesser elements in the human body?
A
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron
3
Q
What does is the significance of oxygen in the human body?
A
Used to generate ATP
4
Q
What does is the significance of carbon in the human body?
A
Forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA)
5
Q
What does is the significance of hydrogen in the body?
A
Part of water and most organic molecules. Makes body fluids more acidic
6
Q
What does is the significance of nitrogen in the human body?
A
Component of all proteins and nucleic acids
7
Q
What does is the significance of calcium in the human body?
A
Hardness of bones and teeth.
Ionized form (Ca2+) needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscle and many other processes.
8
Q
What does is the significance of potassium in the human body?
A
Ionized form (K+) is the most plentiful cation in ICF and is needed to generate action potentials
9
Q
What is a cation?
A
Positively charged particle
10
Q
What does is the significance of sulfur in the human body?
A
Component of some vitamins and many proteins
11
Q
What does is the significance of sodium in the human body?
A
Ionized (Na+) is the most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid and is essential for maintaining water balance
12
Q
What is an anion?
A
Negatively charged particle
13
Q
What does is the significance of magnesium in the human body?
Hint: think +++
A
Ionized form (Mg2+) is needed for the action of many enzymes and molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions in organisms
14
Q
What does is the significance of iron in the human body?
A
Ionized forms (Fe2+ and Fe 3+) are part of hemoglobin and some enzymes
15
Q
What is an enzyme?
A
Protein that catalyze chemical reactions in living cells
16
Q
Elements are made of ________
A
Atoms
17
Q
What is the smallest unit of matter?
A
Atoms
18
Q
What is the charge of a proton?
A
Positive
19
Q
What is the charge of a neutron?
A
Neutral
20
Q
What is the charge of an electron?
A
Negative
21
Q
What is the core of an atom called?
A
Nucleus
22
Q
How many electrons can the first shell (nearest to nucleus) hold?
A
2
23
Q
How many electrons can the second shell hold?
A
8
24
Q
How many electrons can the third shell hold?
A
18
25
The number of _______ in an atom of an element is equal to the number of _________
"Electrons"
"Protons"
26
How many _________ an atom has is equivilent to its atomic number
"Protons"
27
The mass number of an atom is the sum of its ___________ and ___________
"Mass number"
"Protons"
"Neutrons"
28
Atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons (as as a result mass number) is called what?
An isotope
29
Unstable isotopes are called what?
Radioactive isotopes
30
What is radiation?
The release of either subatomic particles or packets of energy as an unstable isotope/radiative isotope decays into a stable configuration
31
What is the half-life of an isotope defined as?
The time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of an isotope to decay into a more stable form
32
How can radiation be harmful to the human body?
Radiation can break apart molecules and produce tissue damage and/or causing various types of cancer
33
What are 3 medical uses of radioactive isotopes?
1. Destruction of part of an overactive thyroid gland
2. Tracers (i.e. gastric emptying study)
3. Treatment of cervical and prostate cancer
34
What is another name for atomic mass unit (amu)
Dalton
35
The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of all of its naturally occurring what?
Isotopes
36
What is an ion?
An ion is a positive or negatively charged atom
37
How does an atom become positive?
It loses an electron
38
How does an atom become negative?
It gains an electron
39
What is a molecule defined as?
When 2 or more atoms share electrons
40
What is a compound?
A substance made of 2 or more different elements
41
An electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell is called what?
A free radical
42
What are some processes that can generate free radicals in the human body?
Exposure to UV, x-rays, harmful substances and certain reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes
43
What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?
Ionic, covalent and hydrogen
44
What is an ionic bond?
When an atom or group of atoms gains or loses electrons
45
Ionic compounds are typically in what state?
Solid
46
Where in the body are ionic bonds typically found?
Teeth and bones. (Think: strong ions, solid bones)
47
What is an electrolyte defined as?
An ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions
48
Electrolytes can do what in the body?
Conduct an electric current
49
What is a covalent bond?
When 2 or more atoms share electrons in their valence shells
50
What makes a covalent bond stronger?
By sharing more electron pairs
51
What is the most common chemical bond in the body?
Covalent bonds
52
Covalent structure form what?
Most of the body's structures
53
When 2 atoms share 1 electron pair it is called what?
A single covalent bond
54
When 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons it is called what?
A double covalent bond
55
When 2 atoms share 3 pairs of electrons it is called what?
A triple covalent bond?
56
When the sharing of electrons in a covalent bond is equal it is called what?
A nonpolar covalent bond
57
When the sharing of electrons in a covalent bond are not equal it is called what?
A polar covalent bond
58
In a polar covalent bond which atom has a partially negative charge?
The atom that is attracting the electron from the other(s)
59
What is electronegativity?
The power to attract electrons
60
Hydrogen bonds are _____
Weak
61
How does a hydrogen bond form?
When a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attracts the negative charge of an electronegative atom
62
What is a reactant?
The starting substances in a chemical reaction
63
What is a product?
The end result of a chemical reaction
64
What is potential energy?
Energy stored by matter due to its position
65
What is kinetic energy?
Energy in motion
66
What type of reaction releases more energy than they absorb?
Exergonic
67
What type of reaction absorbs more energy than it releases?
Endergonic
68
How many molecules of ATP can be released from one molecule of glucose?
38
69
The energy "investment" in a chemical reaction is called what?
Activation energy
70
Absorbing energy does what to the chemical bonds of reactants?
They become unstable and their valence electrons form new combinations
71
How do catalysts work?
They lower the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
72
What is a synthesis reaction?
When 2 or more atoms/molecules/ions combine to form new larger molecules
73
Anabolism is what type of reaction?
Synthesis
74
What is a decomposition reaction?
When larger molecules are split up into smaller atoms/ions/molecules
75
Catabolism is what type of reaction?
Decomposition
76
What is an exchange reaction?
Both synthesis and decomposition reactions
77
Enzymes are what in a chemical reaction?
Catalysts
78
What is a reversible reaction?
A reaction that can be reverted into the original reactants. Some are only reversable under special conditions.
79
What are inorganic compounds?
Structurally simple compounds that usually lack carbon (water, salts, acids, based)
80
What are organic compounds?
Compounds containing carbon and often hydrogen. Often complex chains and always have covalent bonds
81
Hydrolysis reactions are involved in what process in the body?
Enabling dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body
82
What is a mixture?
Combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended but not bound by chemical bonds.
83
A colloid has ______ particles
Large
84
A suspension is what?
Mixture where suspended particles will eventually settle (ie blood)
85
What does it mean to dissasociate?
Separating into ions and become surrounded by water molecules
86
An acid disassociates into what?
1 or more hydrogen ions
87
Salts dissociates into what?
Cations and anions
88
Acids and bases react with one another to form what?
Salts
89
A solution with more H+ than OH- is an what?
Acidic solution
90
A solution that has more OH- than H+ is what?
A basic solution
91
A pH below 7 is a what
Acidic solution
92
A pH above 7 is a what
Basic solution
93
The pH of blood is between what?
7.35 and 7.45
94
When the blood falls below 7.35 it is called what?
Acidosis
95
When the blood rises above 7.45 it is called what?
Alkalosis
96
What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
The process in which pH can be maintained in homeostasis
97
A polymer is made up of what?
Monomers
98
What is an isomer?
A molecule that has the same formula but different structure
99
What is the suffix for monosaccharides?
-ose
100
What is the prefix for monosaccharides?
How every may carbon atoms they have (from 3-7)
ie. tri-ose
101
What is a disaccharide?
A molecule formed by two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
102
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are what?
Simple sugars
103
Carbohydrates are built from what?
Monosaccharides
104
What is a polysaccharide?
A complex compound made entirely of glucose monomers. The main polysaccharide in the human body is "glycogen"
105
What are lipoproteins?
Hydrophilic protein molecule that is soluble (and in our blood)
106
Fatty acids do what in the body?
Used for synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids
Can be catabolized to generate ATP
107
Triglycerides do what in the body?
Protection, insulation and energy storage
108
Phospholipids
Major lipid component of cell membranes
109
What is cholesterol?
Minor component of all animal membranes, precursor to bile salts, vit d and steroid hormones
110
What does precursor mean?
Come before/prior to
111
Bile salts do what in the body?
Aid in digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
112
Vitamin D does what in the body?
Helps regulate calcium levels needed for growth and repair
113
Adrenocortical hormones do what in the body?
Help regulate metabolism, stress resistance and salt/water balance
114
Sex hormones do what in the body?
Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics
115
Eicosanoids do what in the body?
Diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown and smooth muscle contraction
116
Carotenes do what in the body?
Needed for synthesis of vit A which is used for visual pigments in the eyes, also functions as an antioxidant. (Think: carrots)
117
Vitamin E does what in the body?
Promotes wound healing, prevents scarring and contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system. Also an antioxidant
118
What does vitamin K do in the body?
Needed for the synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
119
Lipoproteins do what in the body?
Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues and remove excess cholesterol from the blood
120
Triglycerides are the body's what (think energy)
Highly concentrated form of chemical energy. They provide nearly twice as much energy per gram as carbs or proteins
121
Cholesterol is synthesized where?
The liver
122
What is the starting material for the synthesis of steroids?
Cholesterol
123
What are the 5 functions of proteins in the body?
5. Form structures
4. Be a regulating hormone
3. Contractile (muscle movement)
2. Aid in foreign body response Carry vital substances throughout body (hemoglobin)
1. Act as an enzyme for biochemical reactions
124
DNA is ______ and RNA is _________
DNA is the information of genetic information
RNA is the instruction of the genes
125
