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Anatomy > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology is the study of what?

A

The first eight weeks of development following fertilization (in humans)

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2
Q

Gross anatomy is the study of what?

A

Structures that can be examined without a microscope.

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3
Q

Pathological anatomy is what?

A

Structural changes associated with disease

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4
Q

Exercise physiology is what?

A

Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity

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5
Q

Pathophysiology is what?

A

Functional changes associates with disease and aging

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6
Q

The chemical level is made up of what 2 parts?

A

Atoms (building blocks) and Molecules (DNA built using atoms)

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7
Q

What is catabolism?

A

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components (digestive process catabolizes proteins in food into amino acids)

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8
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The build of complex chemical substances from smaller simpler components. (amino acids used to build proteins)

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the muscular system?

A

Produces body movements, stabilizes body position and generates heat

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10
Q

What are the components of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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11
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs such as the eyes and ears

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

Generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

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13
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A

Hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells

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14
Q

What are the hormone producing glands in the endocrine system?

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries/testes

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

A

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones into the blood form an endocrine gland/tissue to a targeted organ

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16
Q

Hormones are what?

A

Chemical messangers

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17
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood, heart and blood vessels

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away carbon dioxide and wastes away. Helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, water content of body fluids. Blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.

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19
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine and anus

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

Physical and chemical breakdown of food to absorb nutrients. Also eliminates solid wastes (poop)

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21
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

A

Produce, stores and eliminates urine (wastes). Regulates volume and chemical composition of blood (helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids), maintains the body’s mineral balance. Helps production of red blood cells

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23
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels, spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, includes structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate (nursery and daycare for lymphocytes)

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25
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchus, lungs.

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

Transfers oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide through exhalation. Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids. Air flowing through vocal cords produces sound

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27
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system?

A

Mammary glands, ovaries (gonads), uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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28
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A

Penis, testis (gonads), prostate, seminal vesicle and ductus (vas) deferens

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the reproductuve system?

A

The gonads produce haploid gametes (females produce oocytes and males produce sperm) to form a new diploid organism. Gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes. [Associated organ transport and store gametes (???)]

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30
Q

Define “differenetiation”

A

The development of a cell from a unspecialized state to a specialized state.

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31
Q

Define “Stem cell”

A

Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body.

Fun fact: they serve as a repair system for the body.

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32
Q

What are the two different types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

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33
Q

What is the normal range for blood glucose?

A

70mg/dL-100mg/dL
aka
3.9nmol/L to 5.6/nmol/L

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34
Q

What are the two definitions of reproductions?

A
  1. The creation of a new individual
  2. the formation of new cells for tissue growth repair or replacement
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35
Q

What is the clinical indication of death?

A

Loss of heartbeat
Absence of spontaneous breathing
Loss of brain functions

36
Q

What does the abbreviation ICF stand for?

A

Intracellular fluid

37
Q

What does the abbreviation ECF stand for?

A

Extracellular fluid

38
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid is ECF (extracellular fluid) that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.

39
Q

ECF within blood vessels is called what?

A

Blood plasma

40
Q

ECF within lymphatic vessels is called what?

A

Lymph

41
Q

ECF in and around the spinal cord is called what?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

42
Q

ECF in joints in called what?

A

Synovial fluid

43
Q

ECF in the eyes is called what?

A

Aqueous humor and vitreous body

44
Q

Intersitial fluid is often referred to as the body’s “_____________”

A

“Internal enviroment”

45
Q

What is the function of blood capillaries?

A

To allow movement in both directions across capillary walls to provide needed materials (such as glucose, oxygen, ions) to tissue cells and to remove wastes (such as carbon dioxide) from interstitial fluid

46
Q

Define homeostatsis

A

Homeosis is the regulation of the body’s internal environment in response to changing conditions.

47
Q

What is a feedback system/feedback loop?

A

Cycle of events where the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated…

48
Q

What are some examples of controlled conditions (in regards to a feedback system)?

A

Body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose

49
Q

What is a disruption to a controlled condition called?

A

Stimulus

50
Q

What are the three basic components in a feedback system?

A

Receptor, control center and effector.

51
Q

What is a receptor? (Feedback system)

A

A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends an input to a control center.

Examples of receptors are nerve endings in the skin that detect changes (such as temperature)

52
Q

What is a control center? (Feedback system)

A

A control center in the body sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained. It evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output commands when they are needed.

An example of a control center is the brain.

53
Q

How does the control center typically transmit its outputs? (Feedback system)

A

Nerve impulses, hormones or other chemical signals.

54
Q

What is an effector? (Feedback system)

A

An effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector.

55
Q

What does a negative feedback system do?

A

It reverses a change in a controlled condition. (Lowers)

56
Q

What does a positive feedback system do?

A

It adds or reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition. (Raises)

57
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback system?

A

The body lowering blood pressure by lowering the heart rate and dilating blood vessels.

58
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback system?

A

During childbirth as the body detects stretching of the cervix it sends signals to the body to increase contractions (through oxytocin)

59
Q

What is the difference between a “disorder” and a “disease”

A

Disorder is any abnormality of a structure or function.
Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms.

60
Q

What are subjective changes in the body function called? (Not apparent to an observer)

A

Symptoms (headache, anxiety, nausea). Think “qualitative”

61
Q

What are objective changes in the body called? (Apparent to an observer)

A

Signs (blood pressure, fever, paralysis, rash).

62
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted.

63
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.

64
Q

What is the prone position?

A

Laying on the front/face down.

65
Q

What are the 5 principal regions? (Hint: start from the top)

A

Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper limbs
Lower limbs

66
Q

What is the supine position?

A

Laying on the back/face up.

67
Q

The head consists of what 2 parts?

A

The face and the skull

68
Q

The skull serves what purpose?

A

To protect the brain

69
Q

The face is _______ and consists of what?

A

“the front portion of the head” and consists of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks and chin.

70
Q

The trunk consists of what?

A

The chest, abdomen and pelvis

71
Q

The upper limb attaches to _________ and consists of what?

A

“the trunk” and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (shoulder to elbow), forearm (elbow to wrist), wrist and hand.

72
Q

The lower limb attaches to __________ and consists of what?

A

“the trunk” and consists of the buttock, thigh (buttock to knee), knee, leg (knee to ankle), ankle and foot.

73
Q

Where the trunk attaches to the thighs is called what?

A

The groin

74
Q

What term is used to define towards the head or upper part?

A

Superior

75
Q

What term is used to define away from the head or the lower part of a structure?

A

Inferior

76
Q

What term is used to define near the front of the body?

A

Anterior

77
Q

What term is used to define near the back of the body?

A

Posterior

78
Q

What term is used to define nearer to the midline?

A

Medial

79
Q

What term is used to define farther from the midline?

A

Lateral

80
Q

What term is used to define between two structures?

A

Intermediate

81
Q

What term is used to define on the same side of the body as another structure?

A

Ipsilateral

82
Q

What term is used to define on the opposite side of the body from another structure?

A

Contralateral

83
Q

What term is used to define nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk?

A

Proximal (close proximity)

84
Q

What term is used to define farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk?

A

Distal (distance away)

85
Q

What term is used to define towards the surface of the body?

A

Superficial

86
Q

What term is used to define away from the surface of the body?

A

Deep

87
Q

What is an effector?

A

An effector is an organ or organ system that follows the instructions given by the control center to make the necessary changes to homeostatsis

Anatomy (4 decks)

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