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italy > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what were the main issues after ww1?

A
  • disappointment with government
  • debt and inflation due to foreign loans/printing more money
  • southern soldiers wanted land reform they were promised
  • forcibly occupied farming land
  • divide in industrial north between returning soldiers and exempt workers
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2
Q

when was the paris peace conference

A

january 1919

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3
Q

what happened at the paris peace conference?

A
  • orlando wanted all the land italy was promised in 1915 treaty of london + fiume
  • argument for fiume was weak as majority wasn’t italian
  • leaders - wilson, lloyd george and clemenceau
  • rejected fiume, dodedecanese islands and parts of balkans - italy hadn’t done enough in the war
  • orlando claimed he could risk assassination and walked out
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4
Q

what were the consequences of the paris peace conference?

A
  • made orlando popular in italy
  • weakened his position at versailles
  • britain and france took germanys african colonies, nothing for italy
  • orlando forced to resign in june
  • italy acquired trent, trieste, parts of dalmatia, istria, south tyrol
  • mutilated victory
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5
Q

who was orlando replaced by?

A

nitti

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6
Q

what did nitti do?

A
  • reduced military spending and issued amnesty to italian deserters
  • let yugoslavia take dalmatia
  • let league of nations declare fiume as neutral
  • negative reactions from nationalists and military
  • called him cagoia - abject coward
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7
Q

when was the occupation fiume?

A

12 september 1919

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8
Q

what happened during the occupation of fiume?

A
  • d’annunzio led 2k men to contest port of fiume
  • no fight back
  • believed it was assert italy’s greatness after mutilated victory
  • government failed to act for 15 months
  • removed by navy on 25 december 1920
  • inspired mussolini
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9
Q

what was the post war economic crisis?

A
  • demobilised soldiers led to unemployment
  • november 1919 - unemployment reached 2 million
  • inflation at an all time high
  • savings wiped out, wages fell, pensions declined
  • munitions companies (ansaldo, ilva) collapsed in 1921
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10
Q

what was the biennio rosso?

A
  • 1919-20
  • inspired by bolsheviks
  • major strikes, factory occupations, violent riots
  • socialist union membership grew from 250k to 2 million from 1918-20
  • ended by government
  • concerns heightened by recession
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11
Q

what riots occurred during the biennio rosso and when were they?

A
  • january 1920 - railway strikes
  • april/september 1920 - telegraphy worker strikes
  • july 1920 - army strike
  • september 1920 - factory riots, 400k workers, flew communist/anarchist flags
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12
Q

what social discontent was there after the war?

A
  • peasants wanted land reform promised in war
  • peasants seized land from owners
  • land occupations alarmed rich, who feared revolutions in countryside
  • rural socialist unions strong in ferrara and bologna
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13
Q

what political reform occurred in 1919?

A
  • franchise extended to anyone who had completed military service and all men over 21
  • 11 million more people could vote
  • changed to proportional representation
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14
Q

how did the socialist and catholic parties grow?

A
  • ppi formed in 1919 led by luigi sturzo
  • supported land reform and campaigned for land for peasants
  • psi became more radical after war + russia
  • refused to work with liberals
  • supported strikes/factory occupations
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15
Q

what were the results of the 1919 elections?

A
  • psi won with 32%, 156 seats
  • ppi won 101 seats
  • fascists won 0 seats
  • psi and ppi refused to work together in coalition, so liberals retained power
  • nitti resigned in june 1920
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16
Q

when was the fasci formed and how did it grow?

A
  • 23 march 1919
  • 3k members by june
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17
Q

what were the beliefs of the fasci?

A
  • believed that post war feelings united men despite class, region etc - trincerocrazia
  • wanted to destroy liberal order
  • anticlerical, wanted confiscation of church property
  • end to monarchy + republic
  • suffrage extended to women + younger people
  • nationalisation of armaments industry
  • progressive taxation
  • 8 hour working day
  • didn’t distinguish from psi
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18
Q

what were the squadrismo?

A
  • small military units formed by fascists
  • used extreme violence
  • gov tolerated violence due to fear of socialist revolution
  • commanded by officers called ras
  • wore all black and carried manganellos
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19
Q

what did the squadrismo do?

A
  • 15 april 1919 - 250 men burned down milan avanti offices dressed in black
  • attacked socialist councils/supporters
  • used castor oil torture
  • 200 people killed 1000 wounded by may 1921
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20
Q

how did the fascists achieve political legitimacy?

A
  • violence against socialism was successful - approved of by liberals, supported by police
  • squads intimidated voters before 1921 elections
  • police and army helped them
  • fascists gained 35 seats in 1921
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21
Q

when was the new programme introduced

A

may 1920

22
Q

what was the new programme?

A
  • more conservative and right wing
  • didn’t attack pope or monarchy
  • pro business, no nationalisation
  • compulsory military service
23
Q

when was the pnf formed?

A

october 1921

24
Q

what did mussolini do to form the pnf?

A
  • opened local branches
  • tried to centralise control
25
Q

who supported the pnf?

A
  • end of 1921, 200k members
  • appealed to urban middle class, small business owners who feared taxation and socialism
  • middle/upper class landowners in countryside, wanted to protect their land from reform
  • landowners/industrialists who wanted to break union power
  • workers/peasant farmers who didn’t like the socialists and violence used against those who worked during strikes
  • young italians who were tired of the liberals
26
Q

who replaced nitti and when?

A

giolitti in june 1920

27
Q

what political unrest was there in 1921/22

A
  • giolitti negotiated with workers during biennio rosso - outrage from the public as he ‘gave in’ to their demands - contrasted with fascist violence
  • pci formed in january 1921 - most radical psi members, therefore psi weakened
  • good propaganda for mussolini as they were financed by bolsheviks
  • july 1922 - psi and pci called for 24 hour general strike, but it failed
  • giolitti struggled with trasformismo due to stronger new parties
  • lots of parties - difficult to form coalition governments
28
Q

what was dual policy?

A
  • squad violence + legally taking power politically
  • july 1921 - called an end to squadristi violence
  • august 1921 - signed pact of pacification with socialist trade union and psi
  • wanted liberals and catholics to make a deal with him to stop working with socialists
29
Q

how did mussolini establish leadership of the pnf in 1921?

A
  • wanted ras to follow his political direction even though they condemned the pact (balbo, grandi, farinacci)
  • said he would resign if they didn’t listen to him
  • august 18 - followed through, but they were unable to work together without him, showing how crucial he was
  • november 1921 - fascist delegates voted to support mussolini as leader
    -d’annunzio had refused to take power, so mussolini won
  • forced to drop pact of pacification
30
Q

how did the pnf develop in 1921/22?

A
  • squads formally organised into cohorts by end of 1921, under control of consuls
  • more violence from spring 1922 - blackshirts attacked areas with socialist councils
  • february 1922 - facta comes to power
  • government didn’t stop violence
  • between may and october 1922, fascists became automatic gov in many provinces
  • 1922 - 320k members
  • still dual policy - promised to pursue moderate conservative while also attacking bolzano and trent, held by conservative liberals
  • mussolini promised nitti, salandra, facta and giolitti they’d be pms in coalition governments
31
Q

what were the events of the march on rome?

A

october 27 - march on rome begins, squadristi take control of gov offices, telephone exchanges
facta asks for king to proclaim martial law
october 28 - 2am, king agrees to martial law and orders mussolini’s arrest. 9am, decides not to enforce martial law. facta resigns and king turns to salandra, who is unable to form a government
october 29 - no liberal politicians able to gain support for a government, king invites mussolini to be pm
october 30 - mussolini officially sworn in as pm
october 31 - victory parade held by squadristi in rome

32
Q

what was the role of the king during the march on rome?

A
  • lacked confidence in facta and had been influenced by salandra to not sign decree
  • feared military would not obey his orders and side with fascists, army chiefs could not guarantee that soldiers would stay loyal when asked to shoot at fascists
  • his cousin was a fascist supporter, mussolini hinted he would get replaced if he had to take power
33
Q

how did mussolini end up being appointed pm?

A
  • facta resigned as he had no support from king
  • king asked salandra, who refused
  • salandra, giolitti and old do all recommended mussolini
  • mussolini invited to be pm on the 29th
  • came to rome with 50k fascists led by quadrumvir
34
Q

why were liberals and conservatives prepared to support mussolini and give him emergency powers?

A
  • add energy/new start
  • restore normality to government
  • thought he could crush socialism
  • mussolini had 300k men ready to attack them if necessaryh
35
Q

how was mussolini given emergency powers?

A
  • vote carried out - won 306-16
  • november 1922
  • given ‘near dictatorial’ emergency powers for a year
36
Q

what was the government structure in october 1922?

A

4 pnf reps, 4 liberals, 2 catholic, 1 nationalist, 3 independents

37
Q

how did mussolini change the pnf from december 1922 to january 1923?

A
  • established ‘grand council of fascism’ to control leading members and party policy + he appointed members himself
  • squads became national militia and blackshirts become MVSN with 300k men
  • 200 ras expelled under pnf control,
  • council had little power but propaganda value
  • personal bodyguard - cheka, led by dumini
38
Q

how did mussolini gain support from catholics?

A
  • early 1923
  • ignore atheist past and presents himself as devout catholic
  • baptised his own children
  • attacked freemasonry
  • banned contraception
  • introduced re in schools
  • pope withdrew support for ppi, who are dropped from government in 1923
  • pnf grows from 500k to 800k
39
Q

what other groups did mussolini gain support from?

A
  • industrialists - did not attack tax invasion, gained support from confindustria by 1923
  • nationalists - party closed in february 1923 and merged with the pnf, blueshirts became MVSN
40
Q

when was the acerbo law introduced?

A

july 1923

41
Q

what was the acerbo law?

A
  • changed electoral system to guarantee control in 1924 election
  • 2/3 of seats would go to party with at least 25% of vote, other 1/3 would be given in proportion to other votes
  • would have a list of candidates instead of parties
42
Q

what were the responses to the acerbo law?

A
  • pci and psi opposed it
  • catholics abstained
  • passed with overwhelming majority 235-135
43
Q

what were the results of the april 1924 elections?

A
  • pnf won with 66%% and received 2/3
  • 275 fascist deputies, 39 ppi, 46 socialist, 19 communist
  • campaign helped by blackshirt violence and ballot rigging
  • fascists didn’t get a majority in milan or turin
44
Q

who was matteotti?

A

prominent socialist who spoke out against fascist violence to win election when parliament reopened

45
Q

what was the matteotti crisis?

A
  • june 10 1924 - matteotti abducted and stabbed to death, body found august 16
  • number plate of car he was abducted in belonged to mussolinis press secretary
46
Q

what were the consequences of the matteotti crisis?

A
  • pressure from lots of sides
  • mussolini denies responsibility
  • june 13 - 100 deputies leave parliament and establish the aventine secession
  • wanted king to dismiss mussolini
  • mussolini appoints nationalists as interior and justice minister - federzoni and rocco
  • july - press censorship
  • august - bans political meetings in opposition groups
  • 31 december - fascists insist mussolini either set up dictatorship and end matteotti crisis or they would withdraw support
47
Q

how did mussolini establish a dictatorship?

A
  • jan 3 1925 - takes responsibility for matteotti and asks for support in exchange for a strong government, receives lots of support
  • farinacci appointed in february who increased membership to 938k
  • october - all remaining squads forced to disband and enlist
  • december - passes leggi fascistissme - bans opposition, tight press censorship, new secret police called OVRA, court for political crimes
  • courts executed 26 people in 17 years
  • confino- opposition sent to other parts of country
  • all passports withdrawn
48
Q

what happened in january 1926?

A
  • mussolini granted right to rule by decree
  • parliament couldn’t debate laws or oppose government
49
Q

what happened to the king in 1928?

A
  • lost right to select the pm
  • instead the council drew up a list of candidates and he would choose from that list
50
Q

what events led up to the march on rome?

A

august 1 - socialist general strike is poorly supported
october 16 - ras push for march on rome, mussolini unsure but agrees
october 24 - fascist congress in naples, mussolini said he’ll either seize power or be appointed pm, while still holding talks with liberals

italy (4 decks)

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