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italy > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what were the key problems in 1911?

A
  • unification
  • the political system
  • economic growth/social problems
  • north/south divide
  • italy being a ‘great power’
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2
Q

what were the problems with unification?

A
  • italy became a nation in 1861 and fully unified in 1870
  • people struggled to feel unified and patriotic - they mostly identified with their towns or regions (campanilismo)
  • 99% of people spoke a regional dialect and only people from florence could actually speak ‘italian’ - even the king only spoke in the piedmont dialect
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3
Q

what were the problems with the political system?

A
  • parliament was made up of middle class people from the north who didn’t care for most of the population
  • very few formal parties, politicians would offer positions to others in exchange for support
  • many governments were short lived as politicians could easily withdraw support
  • trasformismo - political manoeuvring based on forming alliances, led to corruption/frequent changes
  • 29 different pms between 1870 and 1922
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4
Q

what was the roman question?

A

the split between italian state and catholic church, who refused to recognise a unified state

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5
Q

what were the problems with the church?

A
  • roman question
  • 1886 - pope leo xiii forbade catholics from voting/running in elections
  • politicians feared challenging the church because it would alienate the people
  • no catholic conservative party - no parliamentary challenge to middle class liberals
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6
Q

what were the problems with economic growth/social issues

A
  • italy industrialised and expanded economically between 1899 and 1914
  • industries that grew - iron, steel, chemical, mechanical, electrical
  • did not provide benefits for most of the population
  • many protests against unemployment, food shortages and taxation
  • between 1901 and 1911 there were 1.5k strikes involving 350k workers
  • contributed to north/south divide
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7
Q

what were the problems with the north-south divide?

A
  • very little investment done in the south despite high poverty
  • no pm visited the south for 32 years after unification
  • economic expansion focused on the north
  • half of the 2.2 million industrial workers worked in lombardy, liguria and piedmont in the north
  • in the south - malnutrition, no clean water, infant mortality, disease
  • 25k died from 1910-11 due to cholera
  • more than half the southern population was illiterate
  • 200k southern italians migrated every year from 1901 to 1913 to the usa
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8
Q

why was italy not seen as a great power?

A
  • seen as the ‘least of the great powers’
  • behind britain and germany industrially
  • french and british navies dominated mediterranean
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9
Q

battle of dogali

A
  • 1887
  • failure
  • 500 italians dead
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10
Q

battle of adwa

A
  • 1 march 1896
  • failure
  • 5k italians dead + more injured
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11
Q

what is irredentism?

A

italy wanted to reclaim istria and south tyrol - areas under the austro-hungarian empire

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12
Q

how else did they attempt african expansion?

A
  • wanted african colonies - tunisia, but france invaded first in 1881 (led to triple alliance)
  • 1884 - britain supported italian expansion in abyssinia
  • pm hoped gaining colonies would result in more patriotism, but failures led to riots and protests
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13
Q

who was giovanni giolitti?

A
  • served as pm of italy 5 times
  • 1901-14 known as giolittian era
  • liberal
  • master of trasformismo
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14
Q

what were the issues with the socialists?

A
  • socialism grew more popular as italy became more industrialised, psi gained more popularity
  • by 1902, 250k workers joined socialist national federations
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15
Q

how did giolitti try to win over the socialists?

A

trasformismo - absorbed many socialist ideals - accident insurance, health insurance, banning child employment under 12, 11 hour working day for women etc
- courts to settle pay disputes between employers and employees
- was successful, but difficult to win over the entire psi (split into reformists - okay with working with giolitti, and maximalists - against the liberal state)

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16
Q

who was filippo turati?

A
  • leader of the psi from 1895 to ww1
  • believed ideas of risorgimento had been betrayed by liberals
  • was not radical and willing to work with giolitti until invasion of libya, became more extremist after that
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17
Q

what did giolitti think of the church?

A

1904 - said that church and state should always be separate

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18
Q

how did giolitti try to win over the church?

A
  • made concessions in exchange for support and absorbed policies (no divorce)
  • pope encouraged catholics to vote in 150 constituencies against socialists
  • influence of church grew but he prioritised support from catholics
  • couldn’t solve the roman question
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19
Q

what were giolitti’s issues with the nationalists?

A
  • grew more powerful from 1911
  • wanted colonies in africa and to reclaim irridente lands
  • supported by middle classes who prioritised the nation over individuals
  • against socialists/liberals
  • 1910 - ani formed and refused to work with giolitti
  • wanted to undermine their support through policy promoting liberalism but failed due to growth of nationalism
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20
Q

what was the ani?

A
  • formed in 1910 by corradini
  • thought only nationalism could unite the italians
  • merged into fascist party after mussolini became pm in 1913
21
Q

what were the reasons for the invasion of libya

A
  • 1902 - deal with france that italy would back french expansion in morocco if france backed italy in libya
  • france quickly gained control in morocco, feared they would break deal and invade libya
  • would be supported by catholic church who had financial interests in libya
22
Q

when was the invasion of libya?

A

29 september 1911

23
Q

what were the successes of libya?

A
  • seized ports and coastal towns in 3 weeks
  • put pressure on ottomans in turkish held islands
  • this + turkish war in october 1912 meant they surrendered libya to italy on october 8
  • national enthusiasm in italy + shown as great european power
24
Q

what were the failures of libya?

A
  • 50k troops kept in libya but 3.5k italians died
  • nationalists took credit for war and denounced liberals - said lack of patriotism is why they lost soldiers
  • lost support of psi who were against imperialist militarism
  • revolutionary wing of psi took power and refused to cooperate further with giolitti
25
Q

what was the 1912 franchise extension?

A
  • before, only literate men over 21 could vote but they couldn’t deny vote from men in libya despite low literacy
  • 1912 - all men who complete military service + all men over 30 could vote regardless of literacy
  • hoped this would lead to national unity + increased support for liberals + strengthen vote in conservative rural areas
  • electoral representation would undermine the psi
26
Q

what were the consequences of the franchise extension?

A
  • 1913 - liberals only won 318 seats, 71 less than 1909
  • church asked liberals to agree to seven key points in exchange for catholic support
  • said liberals owed the church 228 of their seats who became more reliant on the church
  • giolitti found it difficult to utilise trasformismo - concessions to church angered socialists and anticlerical liberals
  • 1914 - socialists withdrew support and giolitti resigned
27
Q

how did nationalism and socialism grow in 1914?

A
  • mass suffrage led to mass parties - church and nationalists gained support from the people
  • salandra replaced giolitti in march - wanted to revive liberalism by linking it with nationalism
28
Q

what was red week?

A
  • june 1914 - psi caused national strike after 3 protestors were shot dead by police
  • known as ‘red week’ - occurred in northern/central italy
  • public buildings torched, tax registers destroyers, stations seized and churches attacked
  • hundreds of workers killed by authorities
  • trade unions called it off
  • riots displayed difficulties of achieving national unity
29
Q

when and why did italy declare neutrality?

A
  • august 1914 - italy did not have to join austria in ww1 as it had not consulted with italy before declaring war on serbia
  • italy announced it would remain neutral
  • supported by liberals who said italy wasn’t economically ready after libya
  • angered nationalists
30
Q

what was the intervention crisis?

A
  • salandra wanted to join war with germany and austria-hungary because they wouldn’t be sympathetic to italy if they won
  • also wanted to join with britain and france - if they won without italy they couldn’t discuss their interest in the mediterranean
  • sonnino began secret negations with both britain/france and germany/austria-hungary
31
Q

what was the treaty of london?

A
  • signed april 26 1915
  • entente convinced italy they would gain much of the irridente lands
32
Q

how did people react to the treaty of london?

A
  • caused unrest because it was conducted in secrecy by salandra and sonnino and the army general staff weren’t aware
  • psi and most catholics were against intervention
  • april 1915 - survey conducted which said most italians feared war and didn’t care for irredentism or war against austria
  • may 1915 - giolitti denounced treaty and 300 deputies announced opposition to it
  • supporters for the war held rallies against those backing neutrality
33
Q

what were the political consequences of the treaty of london

A
  • salandra resigned may 13
  • mussolini expelled from psi for promoting intervention as he thought it would lead to revolution
  • king asked giolitti to take over as pm again
  • declined - didn’t want to support treaty, king said he would abdicate if he went back on it
  • salandra reinstated may 16 and granted emergency powers on 20th
34
Q

when was war declared

A
  • war on austria declared 25 may 1915
  • psi were the only far left party who didn’t support intervention
35
Q

what were the failures after entering the war?

A
  • stalemate during 1915/16
  • war between austria and italy took place on alpine terrain
  • many soldiers killed by frostbite and cholera
  • in 1915 - 62000 italians died during 4 failed offensives against austria
  • 5 million men conscripted, mostly southern peasants who didn’t care for the war and couldn’t understand italian, so couldn’t understand orders
  • conscripts were treated poorly and rations were low
  • 290k men court-martialled for desertion
36
Q

what was the solution to these military failures?

dissent dessertion etc

A
  • cadorna wanted to repress dissent through harsh discipline
  • 4000 death sentences passed on soldiers for desertion and indiscipline during the war - far more than other western militaries
  • feared that lack of patriotism would lead soldiers to feel inclined to surrender
  • didn’t try to save any soldiers who were captured in case conditions were tolerable
  • 600k men captured and 100k died of hunger related illness
37
Q

who was luigi cadorna

A
  • commander of italian army from july 1914 to october 1917 and a highly conservative military leader
  • insisted on offensive warfare which led to thousands of deaths
  • created a lack of trust between commanders and troops
  • removed by orlando and replaced by diaz
38
Q

when and why did salandra resign?

A
  • 1916 - austrian strafexpedition, italians stopped it but had a major effect on public and army morale
  • salandra forced to resign and replaced by boselli
39
Q

what happened at caporetto?

A
  • 24 october 1917 - austrians attacked italian front line, bad leadership and morale caused italians to quickly retreat
  • italians retreated without weapons, reports of looting and violence between troops
  • some troops celebrated as they thought war was over
  • 200k soldiers lost contact with regiments
  • 10k killed, 30k wounded, 300k taken prisoner
  • 400k soldiers vanished, some went back home
40
Q

what were the consequences of the defeat at caporetto?

A
  • majority of parliament still backed giolitti and didn’t support the war
  • calls for revolution from many nationalists, some asked for neutral politicians to be put on trial
  • boselli resigned and was replaced by orlando in october 1917
  • cadorna was removed and replaced by diaz
41
Q

what changes did diaz make to the army?

A
  • rations raised and annual leave increased
  • greater focus on boosting morale through lectures and newspapers
  • promises of land reform for peasant conscripts
  • organisation created for soldiers and their families welfare
  • casualty rates fell from 520k in 1917 to 143k in 1918
42
Q

how did the socialists respond to the war?

A
  • continued to oppose the war
  • policy of ‘neither support nor sabotage’
  • seen as defeatist, unpatriotic and anti-italian by nationalists and socialists
  • many psi leaders arrested after caporetto
43
Q

what was the economy like at the start of the war? (compared to austria)

A
  • behind austria in all key economic areas
  • less than one million tones in steel production, austria had 2.6
  • for every 2 machine guns in italy, there were 12 in austria
  • short of artillery and bullets
44
Q

what was the state of the economy by the end of the war?

A
  • 20k machine guns and 7k pieces of heavy artillery in italy, higher than britain
  • fiat increased workforce from 6k to 30k
  • little government interference, leading industrialists led to rapid growth
45
Q

who was alfred dallolio and what did he do for the economy?

A
  • under secretariat of arms and munitions
  • recruited women and peasants into factories
  • ensured men essential for production were exempt from conscription
  • increased hours of work, made strikes illegal
46
Q

what were the economic failures during the war?

A
  • relied on government investment, which came from foreign loans and printing more money
  • country became 23 billion lire in debt during war compared to 2.9 before
  • growth of industry caused more division between north and south
  • northern economy grew by 20% by 1921 while south remained in poverty
  • by 1917 - fall in wages + long work hours
  • increased taxes
  • 50 workers killed protesting against bread shortages in august 1917
47
Q

when was the battle of vittorio of veneto?

A
  • 24 october 1918
48
Q

what happened during the battle of vittorio veneto?

A
  • launched offensive across the piave into vittorio veneto, split the austrian army into two
  • austria signed armistice on 4 november 1918
  • promoted by nationalists as patriotic
49
Q

what were the key issues in italy after the war?

A
  • 650k casualties
  • greater north-south divide
  • debt and inflation
  • division between people who fought in the war and people who were against it
  • government had to fulfill promises made to peasants

italy (4 decks)

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