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History Yr12 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Burgfriedan

A

‘Peace in the fortress’ - country uniting behind war effort

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2
Q

When did Burgfriedan break down

A

1917

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3
Q

siegfriede

A

Peace through victory - German nationalists wanted

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4
Q

What changed betweem Autumn 1917 and August 1918?

A

Growing economic/military crisis
Germany made major territory gains
Generals realised Germany would be defeated (due to Americans)

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5
Q

Generals during WW1

A

Ludendorff and Groener

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6
Q

What did Ludendorff do during WW1

A

Persuaded Kaiser to give power to Reichstag in order to shift responsibility from himself and generals onto public to help reputation and positions

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7
Q

‘Stab in the back’

A

Army thought weak/unpatriotic politicians did this. Germany was defeated by pacifists and socialists and the new government in 1918 did not support the military.

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8
Q

What were the significance of the stab in the back theory?

A

Weimar associated with German defeat and peace treaty which weakened their prospect of a Weimar democracy

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9
Q

From monarchy to democratic republic in how long?

A

six weeks

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10
Q

When did the Kaiser abdicated?

A

9th November 1918

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11
Q

When did Germany sign the armistice?

A

11th November 1918

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12
Q

Who did Prince Max von Baden hand chancellorship to?

A

Friedrich Ebert

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13
Q

What was Friedrich Ebert leader of?

A

Socialist Democratic Party

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14
Q

What happened in October 1918?

A

Sailors refused to sail out to salvage German honour in battle. Led to creation of sailors/soldiers/workers councils who challenged authority of governements

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15
Q

Aims of Spartacists/KPD

A

seize power and enact soviet revolution (wanted communist state)

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16
Q

Aims of USPD

A

Remove enemies of democracy and create conditions for a secure socialist society

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17
Q

Who led the Spartacists?

A

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg

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18
Q

Aims of SPD

A

Establish democratic socialist system by democratic means.

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19
Q

Who led SPD?

A

Ebert and Scheidemann

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20
Q

What did the SPD form in November/December 1918?

A

coalition government with USPD

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21
Q

How many members of SPD in 1919?

A

1 million

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22
Q

What were the new governments aims 1918

A

Moderate change

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23
Q

What happened on the 10th November 1918

A

General Groener phoned Ebert to make deal. He proposed that in return for the gov keeping authority of existing offers and crushing Bolshevism, the army would defend the gov.

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24
Q

Bolshevik

A

Communist

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25
Q

When was The Spartacist Uprising?

A

January 1919

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26
Q

Where did Spartacist uprising take place?

A

Berlin

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27
Q

Freikorps

A

Around 200 paramilitary groups recruited from demobilised soldiers and officers and protected Germany from Spartacist Revolt in January 1919.

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28
Q

When was Ebert elected president of German republic?

A

19th January 1919

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29
Q

Who voted in elections?

A

All men and women over 20

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30
Q

What is Article 48

A

Gave president power to act without parliaments approval in emergency

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31
Q

Problems with Article 48

A

Did not define ‘emergency’ and power overused which weakened confidence

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32
Q

What were the problems of the Weimar Republic between 1918 - 1923

A

Had to accept Treaty terms/constitution weakness/Left and Right wing revolts/French occupation of Ruhr/hyperinflation

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33
Q

What were the doubts of constitution

A

German people suspicious of new constitution as they’re used to strong government led by Kaiser/not ready for democracy

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34
Q

Dates of revolution from above

A

29th September 1918 and 3rd October 1918

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35
Q

29th September 1918

A

Generals recommend new civilian government and armistice

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36
Q

3rd October 1918

A

New civilian government led by max von baden on Reichstag support

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37
Q

Dates of Revolution from Below

A

31st October 1918 and 9th November

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38
Q

Date of limited revolution

A

10th November 1918

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39
Q

When was Philipp Scheidemann chancellor

A

February 1919

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40
Q

What did multiple chnacellors during 1918 to 1923 show?

A

Unstable Weimar

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41
Q

What territory did Germany lose from Treaty?

A

Northern Schleswig/Lorraine etc.

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42
Q

Features of Treaty

A

Territory loss/disarment/war guilt/Rhineland/reparations

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43
Q

Features of disarment

A

Abolition of conscription/reduced army to 100k/no tanks or aircraft/6 battleships no sub/under observation

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44
Q

What is war guilt under treaty

A

Germany accepts responsibility for causing damage and loss in war

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45
Q

Rhineland

A

Germany could not keep troops there, left German boarder undefended

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46
Q

How much did Germany have to pay in reparations in April 1921?

A

132 billion gold marks/£6.6 million

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47
Q

How many died in Germany during war?

A

2 million

48
Q

How many Germans wounded during war?

A

6.3 million

49
Q

When was treaty signed?

A

28th June 1919

50
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch?

A

March 1920

51
Q

What was the reaction of germans towards treaty?

A

angry due to harsh terms/unfair/attacked weimar gov for signing it

52
Q

What were the politicians that signed the treaty labelled as

A

November criminals

53
Q

Who led the Kapp Putsch

A

Wolfgang Kapp

54
Q

What was Kapp leader of?

A

Fatherland party

55
Q

What was Kapp’s plan

A

To overthrow government as he wanted more power given to the army and a bigger army

56
Q

How many Freikorps at Kapp Putsch?

A

12,000

56
Q

Overview of Kapp Putsch

A

Freikorps and Kapp marched to Berlin and army refused to support gov so they had to flee Berlin and a new gov headed by Kapp was claimed.

57
Q

How long did Kapp gov last?

A

4 days

57
Q

Why did the Kapp Putsch fail?

A

Failed to gain widespread support and Ebert organised work strikes in Berlin leaving it paralysed.

58
Q

Who was Walther Rathenau

A

Head of electrical firm

59
Q

What were the reasons for Rathenau’s assassination?

A

Monarchist/Major role in running war economy/founder of democratic party/Jewish background

60
Q

Why was Weimar weak from the start?

A

No equality between left and right wing/political bias in weimar as judges were reluctant to convict many (typically right-wing)

61
Q

What is hyperinflation

A

Increase in prices combined with a fall in value of money

62
Q

Causes of hyperinflation

A

After end of war/Treaty reparations/French and Belgian Ruhr /Actions of Weimar in 1923

63
Q

French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr

A

November 1922 - Marched to Ruhr and wanted to confiscate industrial goods as reparation payments. They occupied coal mines and railways

64
Q

Who lost out during hyperinflation?

A

Those with savings/pensioners/those on welfare benefits

65
Q

Who did well during hyperinflation?

A

Entrepreneurs/those in debt/foreigners

66
Q

Who was Hugo Stinnes?

A

Businessman in coal,iron,electrical industry/gained wealth by gaining cheap credit to buy struggling competitors and converted currency into millions of marks

67
Q

Who was known as the King of the Ruhr

A

Hugo Stinnes

68
Q

When did hyperinflation end?

A

November 1923

69
Q

How did hyperinflation end?

A

Stressemann appointed financier Schacht to Reichsbank and replaced mark to rentenmark

70
Q

Political effect of hyperinflation

A

Turned against democratic regime but no serious actions were taken.

71
Q

Financial effect of hyperinflation

A

Debt paid off/did not collapse

72
Q

Social effect of hyperinflation

A

Poverty among elderly/social norms challenged/health suffered

73
Q

When did stressemann become PM

A

August 1923

74
Q

NSDAP

A

Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party

75
Q

Who formed German Workers party and when?

A

Drexler and Harrer in 1919

76
Q

What and when did GWP publish first programme

A

Twenty Five Points in February 1920

77
Q

Some points of 25 point programme

A

union of all germans to form Great Germany/Members of nation should only have german blood etc.

78
Q

Who did GWP programme appeal to?

A

Nationalists/socialists/anti semites/anti democrats

79
Q

When was the Munich Putsch?

A

8th November 1923

80
Q

What was the Munich Putsch

A
  • Hitler and stormtroopers burst into meeting and declare a national revolution and Hitler forces von Lossow and von Kahr to state support for Berlin march to impose new government
  • After the two are allowed to leave they issue denounciation of the putsch
  • Ludendorff persuades Hitler to go to Munich instead
  • 2,000 armed Nazis march to Munich and met by armed police and Bavarian soldiers
  • 14 Nazis killed
  • Hitler and Ludendorff arrested along with Nazis
81
Q

When was Hitler arrested?

A

11th November 1923

82
Q

When was Hitler tried and sentenced?

A

February 1924

83
Q

How long was Hitler in prison?

A

Sentenced to 5 years but released in 9 months

84
Q

What does Hitler write in prison

A

Mein Kampf

85
Q

Why did Munich Putsch fail?

A

Ludendorff allowed soldiers to go
wrong time
lack of support
poor organisation

86
Q

Why was Munich Putsch positive for Hitler?

A

Trial gave Hitler platform to speak by judges which made him famous out of Bavaria and gave him a chance to change tactics via getting elected through parliament democratically and not through violence

87
Q

What were the dissatisfactions with Weimar politicians

A

Coalition governments/voting system/political parties/sectional interests/minor issues/election of Hindenburg as president

88
Q

Problems with voting system

A

voted for a party list rather than individual politicians. Didn’t choose their deputy therefore no close tie.

89
Q

What were the minor issues of Weimar politicians

A

New national flag controversy-opposed by conservatives
There was no charismatic leader in Weimar

90
Q

Problem with Hindenburg presidency

A

Powerful groups wanted more authoritarian system
He was general who invented stab in the back

91
Q

What didn’t industrialists support?

A

Weimar and workers influence

92
Q

What did army desire?

A

Authoritarian leadership

93
Q

Who saved German economy?

A

Stressemann and Charles Dawes

94
Q

What was the most important thing Stresseman did in 1923?

A

Organise great coalition of moderate, pro democracy parties in reichstag

95
Q

When did Germany join the league of nations?

A

1926

96
Q

Who was Dawes?

A

Budget director sent to Europe in 1923 to sort out German Economy

97
Q

What was the Dawes plan?

A

Gave Germany longer to pay reparations

98
Q

How much did America lend Germany?

A

800 million gold marks

99
Q

Conservative view of who was responsible for the problems of weimar’s economy

A

German economic historians critical of weimar’s economic performance - argues there’s not enough economic growth and unemployment

100
Q

Alternative view of who was responsible for problems of weimars economy

A

Left - wing argue lack of entrepreneurial attitude

101
Q

What was Stressemann’s pragmatic policy?

A

Co operation with the west and conciliation with other powers from Germany’s economic potential

102
Q

Stressemann Policy of fulfilment

A

Complying with terms of treaty to improve relations with Britain and France to encourage them to rethink treaty

103
Q

What did Hitler do to party after release from prison?

A

rebranded in 1925/Fuhrerprinzip/reorganised strategy,structure and symbols

104
Q

What happened in February 1926

A

Meeting in Bamburg where Hitler gains control and establishes a fuhrer party

105
Q

Why was Hitler successful?

A

Charismatic leader/willpower/inspiring/wanted better germany/powerful speaker

106
Q

Why did Hitler appoint Goebbels?

A

propoganda

107
Q

Methods of Nazi gaining support?

A

Personal contacts/targeted influential people/pamphlets/campaigns/trained speakers

108
Q

Leader of SA

A

Ernst Rohm

109
Q

Other names for SA

A

Brown shirts and Stormtroopers

110
Q

Who joined SA and why?

A

Young men and ex soldiers joined when depression hit unemployed

111
Q

Why did SA make a positive impression on many?

A

Well dressed and disciplined marches

112
Q

Where did Nazi have few voters

A

West and South Germany

113
Q
A

History Yr12 (2 decks)

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