unit 2 Flashcards
The _____ is often called the rebirth of the science of medicine.
Renaissance
________ care is _____ expensive than in-patient hospital care.
Home Health, less
______ is one example of cost-containment.
Energy conservation
______ medicine coincides with conventional while ______ is used in place of conventional.
Complementary , Alternative
- Early ______ and _______ services are less cost effective than treating the illness once it has occurred.
intervention, intervention
- _______ therapies are methods of treatment used in place of biomedical therapies.
Alternative
- _______ care will experience rapid growth in the future.
Health
- Preventing illness is ____________ than treating illness.
more cost effective
- ________ (cutting apart the body) was used by ________to learn about the body. (time period)
Dissection, Claudius Galen
- Establishes and enforces rules to protect workers from job-related injuries and illnesses.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Deals strictly with health problems in the United States.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Compiles statistics and information on diseases and investigates problems throughout the world.
World Health Organization (WHO)
- Concerned with causes, spread and control of disease in a population.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- Regulates food and drug products sold to the public.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- The agency that could provide the information about the number of individuals killed with the latest outbreak of Malaria in Africa and which countries require certain immunizations for traveling.
World Health Organization (WHO)
- The agency that houses viruses that have been nearly eradicated in order to keep possible future outbreaks under control if bioterrorism occurred.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- The agency that would govern the investigation of an e-coli breakout at an ice-cream factory.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Provide total health care directed toward preventative health care.
Industrial or Occupational Health Clinics
- Provide guidance, counseling and chemical abuse treatment centers
Mental Health
- Provide care for individuals with physical or mental handicaps to allow maximum self-care and function.
Long Term Care Facilities - skilled care facilities
- Provide a variety of services in patient’s home
Long Term Care Facilities - residential care facilities
- Provide care for terminally ill persons
Hospice
- Provide care for accidents or sudden illness
Urgent Clinic, Hospital
- Located in large companies or industries
Medical Office
- Provide care for the teeth and dental diseases
Dental Office
- Performs special diagnostic tests
Laboratories
- Provide assistance and care for elderly or disabled patients
Long Term Care Facilities - assisted living facilities
- Some herbs and plants used as medicines in ________ times are still used today.
Ancient Greek
- _______ developed an organized method to observe the body and recorded _____ and ______ of diseases.
Hippocrates, signs and symptoms
- The most rapid advances in health care occurred during the _________
20th century
- A pandemic of the bubonic plague killed three-fourths of the population of ______ and _____ in the ________.
Europe and Asia, middle ages
- _______ and ______ used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically.
Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci
- Telemedicine uses _____, _____ and ______ systems to provide medical and/or health care services.
video, audio, computer
- The first heart transplant in humans was performed in the __________
20th century (1968).
- The Father of Medicine is _________.
Hippocrates
- The polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by _______
Jonas Salk
- The first “test tube” baby was born in England in the _________
20th century (1978).
- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was identified as a disease in the __________
20th century (1981).
- The professional education of nurses was started by _________
Florence Nightingale.
- Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by _________
Sir Alexander Fleming.
- A vaccination for smallpox was developed in 1796 by ________
Edward Jenner
- Disinfectants and antiseptics were first used to prevent infection during surgery by ______
Joseph Lister (1865).
- The founder of the American Red Cross in 1881 was _______
Clara Barton.
- Public health and sanitation systems were first developed by the ________
Ancient Romans.
- _________ is a federal government program specifically for individuals over the age of 65, for those who have been disabled for at least 2 years or those with end stage renal disease.
Medicare
- In order to keep costs at a minimum, some employers offer _______________ which work by preventing diseases through early detection with routine exams.
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
- Some large companies may use ____________ where a contract is formed with certain health agencies to provide health care at reduced rates to the employees.
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
- _______ is a type of governmental assistance program that provides for health care of individuals with low income, children who may qualify or those who are physically disabled or blind.
Medicaid
- A patient may have met the required amount and insurance will begin to cover, but they will only cover a specific percentage of the expense such as an 80/20. This is known as ________
Co Insurance
- Before leaving the health care facility a patient is usually responsible for a specific amount of money known as a _______________ for whatever services they received, regardless of the total cost and/or insurance coverage.
Co Payment
- If injured on the job, _______ insurance will cover for treatment as well as reimburse for lost wages of the employee.
Workers Compensation
- ________ is the amount of money taken out of each paycheck of the individual in order to pay for insurance coverage.
Premium
- Before insurance begins to cover a patient, the _________ must be paid for first, then the insurance will begin to pay.
Deductibles
_______________ is the controlling of rising costs and trying to use the best benefits with the spendings made.
Cost containment
3 methods of cost containment
Diagnostic Related Groups, Energy Conservation, and Early intervention and preventative services
Hospitals
major type of health care facility
classified as private, religious, nonprofit and government
Types:
General
Specialty
Government
University medical centers
Long Term Care Facilities
Residential, Skilled, Independent or Assisted living facilities
Hospice
offers palliative care: care that provides support and comfort that is directed toward allowing the person to die with dignity
Clinics
Surgicial, Urgent, Rehabiliation, specialty, Outpatient, Health Department, Medical Centers
Primitive Times: 4000BC-3000BC
Life span: 20 years
Common belief: disease and illness were punishment from evil spirits and demons
Religious rites and ceremonies
Religions did not allow dissecting of the human body.
Ancient Egyptians: 3000BC-300BC
Life span: 20 to 30 years
Common belief: body was a system of channels.
“Clogged channels” are “opened” by bloodletting or leeches.
Priests =physicians, called upon gods to heal
1st to record and maintain health records.
Ancient Chinese: 1700BC-220AD
Life span: 20 to 30 years
Common belief: holistic treatment-“mind, body, soul”
Acupuncture
First pharmacopoeia
Searched for medical reasons for illness
Ancient Greeks: 1200-200BC
ife span: 25 to 35 years
Observation of cause and effect of disease
Hippocrates- “Father of Medicine”
Recorded signs and symptoms of diseases
Stressed importance of observation, diagnosis, treatment
Standard of Ethics-Hippocratic Oath
Aristotle
Believed illness was the result of natural causes
Therapies: massage, art, herbal treatment
Ancient Romans: 753-410AD
Life span: 25 to 35 years
First organized medical care by providing care to wounded soldiers
Early hospitals-physicians cared for ill in homes
Public health/sanitation system:
aqueducts for clean water
Sewers for waste
Claudius Galen-physician
Dark Ages: 400-800AD
Life span: 20 to 30 years
Study of medicine prohibited, emphasis placed on saving the souls
Monks and priests provided care to the sick
epidemics became rampant
Middle Ages: 800-1400AD
Life span: 20 to 35 years
Renewed interest in medicine
Medical universities increased numbers of educated physicians
Arab physicians increased knowledge of chemistries that advanced pharmacology
Arabs required physicians to pass exams and obtain licenses.
Uncontrolled diseases: Smallpox, Diptheria, Tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria
Renaissance: 1350-1650 AD
Life span: 30 to 40 years
Rebirth of “science” of medicine
Dissection of the human body allowed greater understanding of anatomy and physiology
The Printing Press allowed a greater spread of knowledge
Andreas Vesalius: first anatomy book
16th and 17th Centuries
Life span:35 to 45 years
Ambroise Pare - French surgeon and known as the Father of Modern Surgery
William Harvey - blood circulation
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - microscope
Apothecaries prescribed and sold medications
18th century
Life span: 40 to 50 years
Gabriel Fahrenheit -created first thermometer (1714)
Joseph Priestley - discovered the element Oxygen (1774)
Jesse Bennet - first successful Cesarean section
Edward Jenner -developed vaccine for smallpox (1796)
19th Century
Life span: 40 to 60 years
French barbers acted as surgeons
Ignaz Semmelweis: encouraged hand washing
Florence Nightingale: “founder of modern nursing”
Rene Laennec: stethoscope (1816)
1st blood transfusion (1818)
Joseph Lister: disinfectants to prevent infection (1865)
Clara Barton: founded American Red Cross (1881)
Wilhelm Roentgen: xrays (1895)
Louis Pasteur: pasteurized milk to kill bacteria
20th Century
Life span: 60 to 70 years
Marie Curie: isolated radium-x-rays (1910)
Sir Alexander Fleming » penicillin (1928)
Jonas Salk » polio vaccine (1952)
Francis Crick and James Watson: structure of DNA (1953)
Birth control pills approved by FDA (1960)
1st successful heart transplant (1968)
CAT scan introduced (1975)
First “test tube” baby born (1978)
AIDS discovered (1981), HIV (1984)
Gene therapy initiated (1990)
“Dolly” the sheep cloned (1997)
21st Century
Life span = 90 to 100 + years
Cure for AIDS, cancer, heart disease
Genetic manipulation to prevent disease
Transplants of every organ in body
Nerves in brain and spine regenerated to eliminate paralysis
slow/stop aging process
