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Higher Chemistry > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

An alcohol that has the OH group attached to a carbon with 2 hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What is a secondary alcohol?

A

An alcohol that has the OH group attached to a carbon with 1 hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

An alcohol that has the OH group attached to a carbon with no hydrogen aromas attached

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4
Q

Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than the corresponding alkane?

A

Alcholols have hydrogen bonding between their molecules so more energy is needed to overcome these forces compared to alkanes, which only have LDF’s

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5
Q

Why are alcohols more viscous?

A

Because the hydrogen bonds between molecules have to be broken

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6
Q

Why are small alcohols soluble in water?

A

Because the hydroxyl group can hydrogen bond with water

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7
Q

Why do alcohols become less soluble as the non-polar hydrocarbon chain gets longer?

A

They become less soluble as it is hydrophobic

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8
Q

Why are alcohols very good fuels?

A

They already have oxygen in their structure

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9
Q

What is produced when a primary alcohol goes under oxidation?

A

Aldehyde

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10
Q

What is produced when a secondary alcohol goes under oxidation?

A

Ketone

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11
Q

What are all the oxidisng agents?

A
  • Felling’s Solution
  • Acidified Dichromate Solution
  • Tollen’s Reagent
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12
Q

What is Felling’s solution?

A
  • Blue to Red
  • Copper Ions
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13
Q

What is Tollen’s Reagent?

A
  • White to Silver
  • Silver ions
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14
Q

What is Acidified Potassium Dichromate Solution?

A
  • Orange to Green
  • Chromium ions
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15
Q

What is the Ester functional group?

A

COO

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16
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

Alcohol and a carboxylic acid reacting in a condensation reaction

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17
Q

What is the catalyst for making esters?

A

Sulfuric Acid

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18
Q

What are uses of esters?

A
  • Added to fragrances and food to add scent
  • Solvents for dyes, ink, paints
  • Car spray paints, whiteboard pens, nail varnish remover
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19
Q

Name types of animal fats and oils

A
  • Beef fat
  • Pork fat
  • Sheep fat
  • Butter fat
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20
Q

Name types of vegetable fats and oils

A
  • Sunflower oil
  • Olive oil
  • Linseed Oil
  • Palm Oil
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21
Q

Name types of marine fats and oils

A
  • Cod liver oil
  • Tuna fish oil
  • Whale oil
  • Halibut liver oil
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22
Q

What is the name for glycerol?

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol

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23
Q

What are fats and oils made out of?

A

Glycerol and Three Fatty Acids Chains

24
Q

What are fats built from?

A

Carbon-Carbon single bonds

25
Q

Properties of fats

A
  • Strong LDF’s
  • High melting point
  • Solid at room temperature
26
Q

What are oils built from?

A

Carbon- Carbon double and single bonds

27
Q

Properties of oils

A
  • Weak LDF’s
  • Low melting point
  • Liquid at room temperature
28
Q

What does a soap molecule consist of?

A

A long non-polar covalent hydrocarbon ‘tail’ and a polar, ionic ‘head’ where the charge is

29
Q

What does -ane mean?

A

Only carbon and hydrogen

30
Q

What does cyclo- mean?

A

The shape is in a circle

31
Q

What does -ene mean?

A

Double bond between carbons

32
Q

What are saturated compounds?

A

Only single carbon-carbon bonds

33
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

At least one carbon-carbon double bond

34
Q

What does methyl/ethyl- mean?

A

The amount of Carbons attached making a branch

35
Q

What does -OH group mean?

A

Its an alcohol and ends in -ol (methanol, ethanol)

36
Q

What does -=OOH group mean?

A

It is a carboxylic acid and ends in -oic acid (methanoic acid, ethanoic acid)

37
Q

What will the -oate always have?

A

The double bond oxygen

38
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

Small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another liquid

39
Q

How are emulsifiers made?

A

By reacting edible oils with glycerol

40
Q

What is a peptide link?

A

=O to C to N to H

41
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Hydrogen is added to an alkene to produce an alkane

42
Q

What is hydration?

A

Water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is produced

43
Q

What is halogenation?

A

A halogen is added across the double bond and a dihaloalkane is produced

44
Q

What is the halogenation test used for?

A

To distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Bromine is added to a sample of an unsaturated hydrocarbon, the colour will change from brown to colourless

45
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen

46
Q

What are soaps?

A

Salts made from the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils

47
Q

What do triglyceride molecules contain?

A

Three ester links

48
Q

What happens to triglyceride molecules when hydrolysed?

A

They form three fatty acids and one glycerol

49
Q

What happens during the cleansing action of soaps?

A

The hydrophobic tail groups of the soap molecule dissolve in the grease and the hydrophilic head groups dissolve in the water. Grease is broken up into small ball structures and held in suspension in the water by the repulsion of the negatively charged ionic heads.

50
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

The amino acids that the body cannot make

51
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Chemicals that are added to food to prevent the food from oxidising

52
Q

What are essential oils?

A

Useful compounds that can be extracted from plants

53
Q

What is the common name for an isoprene?

A

2-methylbutan-1,3-diene

54
Q

What is an terpenoid?

A

Terpenes containing oxygen or other functional groups

55
Q

What are the three stages of free radical?

A
  • Initiation
  • Propagation
  • Termination
56
Q

What are free radical scavengers?

A

Molecules that react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions from occurring

57
Q

What are examples of free radical scavengers?

A
  • Antioxidants
  • Reducing agent
  • Electron donors

Higher Chemistry (3 decks)

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