UNIT 2 Flashcards
What is a primary alcohol?
An alcohol that has the OH group attached to a carbon with 2 hydrogen atoms
What is a secondary alcohol?
An alcohol that has the OH group attached to a carbon with 1 hydrogen atoms
What is a tertiary alcohol?
An alcohol that has the OH group attached to a carbon with no hydrogen aromas attached
Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than the corresponding alkane?
Alcholols have hydrogen bonding between their molecules so more energy is needed to overcome these forces compared to alkanes, which only have LDF’s
Why are alcohols more viscous?
Because the hydrogen bonds between molecules have to be broken
Why are small alcohols soluble in water?
Because the hydroxyl group can hydrogen bond with water
Why do alcohols become less soluble as the non-polar hydrocarbon chain gets longer?
They become less soluble as it is hydrophobic
Why are alcohols very good fuels?
They already have oxygen in their structure
What is produced when a primary alcohol goes under oxidation?
Aldehyde
What is produced when a secondary alcohol goes under oxidation?
Ketone
What are all the oxidisng agents?
- Felling’s Solution
- Acidified Dichromate Solution
- Tollen’s Reagent
What is Felling’s solution?
- Blue to Red
- Copper Ions
What is Tollen’s Reagent?
- White to Silver
- Silver ions
What is Acidified Potassium Dichromate Solution?
- Orange to Green
- Chromium ions
What is the Ester functional group?
COO
How is an ester formed?
Alcohol and a carboxylic acid reacting in a condensation reaction
What is the catalyst for making esters?
Sulfuric Acid
What are uses of esters?
- Added to fragrances and food to add scent
- Solvents for dyes, ink, paints
- Car spray paints, whiteboard pens, nail varnish remover
Name types of animal fats and oils
- Beef fat
- Pork fat
- Sheep fat
- Butter fat
Name types of vegetable fats and oils
- Sunflower oil
- Olive oil
- Linseed Oil
- Palm Oil
Name types of marine fats and oils
- Cod liver oil
- Tuna fish oil
- Whale oil
- Halibut liver oil
What is the name for glycerol?
Propane-1,2,3-triol
What are fats and oils made out of?
Glycerol and Three Fatty Acids Chains
What are fats built from?
Carbon-Carbon single bonds
Properties of fats
- Strong LDF’s
- High melting point
- Solid at room temperature
What are oils built from?
Carbon- Carbon double and single bonds
Properties of oils
- Weak LDF’s
- Low melting point
- Liquid at room temperature
What does a soap molecule consist of?
A long non-polar covalent hydrocarbon ‘tail’ and a polar, ionic ‘head’ where the charge is
What does -ane mean?
Only carbon and hydrogen
What does cyclo- mean?
The shape is in a circle
What does -ene mean?
Double bond between carbons
What are saturated compounds?
Only single carbon-carbon bonds
What are unsaturated compounds?
At least one carbon-carbon double bond
What does methyl/ethyl- mean?
The amount of Carbons attached making a branch
What does -OH group mean?
Its an alcohol and ends in -ol (methanol, ethanol)
What does -=OOH group mean?
It is a carboxylic acid and ends in -oic acid (methanoic acid, ethanoic acid)
What will the -oate always have?
The double bond oxygen
What is an emulsion?
Small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another liquid
How are emulsifiers made?
By reacting edible oils with glycerol
What is a peptide link?
=O to C to N to H
What is hydrogenation?
Hydrogen is added to an alkene to produce an alkane
What is hydration?
Water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is produced
What is halogenation?
A halogen is added across the double bond and a dihaloalkane is produced
What is the halogenation test used for?
To distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Bromine is added to a sample of an unsaturated hydrocarbon, the colour will change from brown to colourless
What is oxidation?
Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen
What are soaps?
Salts made from the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils
What do triglyceride molecules contain?
Three ester links
What happens to triglyceride molecules when hydrolysed?
They form three fatty acids and one glycerol
What happens during the cleansing action of soaps?
The hydrophobic tail groups of the soap molecule dissolve in the grease and the hydrophilic head groups dissolve in the water. Grease is broken up into small ball structures and held in suspension in the water by the repulsion of the negatively charged ionic heads.
What are essential amino acids?
The amino acids that the body cannot make
What are antioxidants?
Chemicals that are added to food to prevent the food from oxidising
What are essential oils?
Useful compounds that can be extracted from plants
What is the common name for an isoprene?
2-methylbutan-1,3-diene
What is an terpenoid?
Terpenes containing oxygen or other functional groups
What are the three stages of free radical?
- Initiation
- Propagation
- Termination
What are free radical scavengers?
Molecules that react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions from occurring
What are examples of free radical scavengers?
- Antioxidants
- Reducing agent
- Electron donors
