Unit 2

Question 1

upward and downward extension and role of extended family

Answer 1

upward - older relatives are incorporated so as to provide support, perhaps due to failing health
downward - extended families are constructed to provide assistance to son or daughter and his or her partner or children

Question 2

ideal types of parenting

Answer 2

authoritative - demanding, warm and accepting
authoritarian - demanding, cold and unaccepting
permissive - undemanding, warm and accepting
indifferent/neglectful - undemanding, cold and unaccepting

Question 3

youth transitions to leaving home

Answer 3

process has become more complex with end points difficult to identify
strong variation by country
process is fluid and can entail reverse moves
co-residence with friends or lovers
single-person households

Question 4

changes in marriage

Answer 4

marrying at later age for first marriage
institution and attitudes have changed about marriage
co-habitation

Question 5

changes in perception about sex

Answer 5

experimentation is accepted and multiple relationships
de-coupling of sex and marriage in Western societies

Question 6

family transitions and shifts in family formation

Answer 6

age of parenthood has increased
birth outside of marriage is more common

Question 7

precarious housing pathways - unplanned

Answer 7

often involving constraints (such as pregnancy) but some parental support

Question 8

precarious housing pathways - constrained

Answer 8

involves both planning and family support but also range of obstacles (such as lack of affordable housing or poorly paid work)

Question 9

precarious housing pathways - planned non-student

Answer 9

may involve a strategy and manageable constraints

Question 10

precarious housing pathways - planned student

Answer 10

involves support and a safe introduction to independent living

Question 11

vulnerable leavers

Answer 11

those forced out often vulnerable to homelessness and poverty
many don’t qualify for state agency assistance

Question 12

factors for first leaving home

Answer 12

economy
education
housing market
access to resources
changes in welfare policies

Question 13

influence of peers/lovers

Answer 13

exposed to alternate views, values and expectations
central to identity
impact behavior
provide crucial psychological support
represent a means through which people express their personality

Question 14

types of friends (sharing common backgrounds)

Answer 14

people tend to be friends with people from similar socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds

Question 15

George Herbert Mead (I & Me)

Answer 15

“I” - source of action for the self
“Me” - reactionary, me as the social self; side of self we see reflected back at us through reactions of others

Question 16

Charles Horton Cooley (looking glass self)

Answer 16

symbolic interaction theory sees people as “constructing” the self as they interact with the environments and give meaning to their experience

Question 17

Erving Goffman (draumaturgy)

Answer 17

describes people’s private and public self

Question 17

social construction

Answer 17

meaning attached to things including nonverbal behaviors or concrete symbols

Question 18

symbolic interactionism

Answer 18

emphasizes the role of individuals in giving meanings to social behavior, thereby creating society
subjective meanings of objects, events and behavior
society is socially constructed through human interpretation

Question 18

psychology perspectives on identity construction

Answer 18

Tends to focus on psycho-social development, and changes hat occur within the body and the brain that affects the individual’s social identity
Freud and Erickson
Focus on sexualization
Focus on conflicting narratives
Personality development
“moratorium” stage as negative

Question 19

Sociology perspectives on identity construction

Answer 19

Focuses on socialization
Socialization as a process; starts at birth and ends at death
Socialization creates expectations that are basis for people’s attitudes and behaviors
People conform to social expectations but still express themselves as individuals
View “moratorium” stage as positive

Question 20

emerging adulthood

Answer 20

Time of optimism young people look forward to a life filled with possibilities
Everything seems to be possible

Question 21

socialization

Answer 21

process by which human beings learn the social expectations of society

Question 22

moratorium stage

Answer 22

Adolescent in a state of active exploration and has made no commitment, or at best an unclear one
Psychologists view as pause in process of adolescent development
Some young people don’t have resources to explore identity creating this youth phase (sociological perspective)

Question 23

identities as learned

Answer 23

Gender
Race
Religion
Class