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Bio 114 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many copies of chromosomes do you have in your body cells?

A

2 copies

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2
Q

where do the 2 copies of chromosomes come from in your body cells?

A

mom and dad

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3
Q

what are these matching chromosomes called?

A

homologous chromosomes

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4
Q

what is controlled by the SRY gene on the Y-chromosome?

A

sex determination

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5
Q

when the cell is not preparing to divide, the genetic material is in the form of what?

A

chromatid

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6
Q

2N

A

diploid

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7
Q

N

A

haploid

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8
Q

how many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

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9
Q

how many autosomes are there in a human?

A

44 (22 pairs)

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10
Q

how many sex chromosomes are there in a human?

A

2 (1 pair)

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11
Q

how many chromosomes are in an egg/sperm/gamete cell?

A

23 (haploid)

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12
Q

XX

A

female

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13
Q

XY

A

male

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14
Q

what determines the sex of a baby?

A

the dads sperm

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15
Q

conserves the chromosome number, makes diploid cells, used for growth and repair, forms 2 daughter cells, daughter cells are identical to parent cells, daughter cells are identical to each other

A

mitosis

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16
Q

reduces/halves the chromosome number, makes haploid cells, creates gametes, forms 4 daughter cells, daughter cells are different from parent cells, daughter cells are different from each other

A

meiosis

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17
Q

the step where chromosomes condense

A

prophase

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18
Q

the step where chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell

A

metaphase

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19
Q

the step where chromosomes split at the centromere and separate the sister chromatids

A

anaphase

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20
Q

the step where there are 2 nuclei located in one cell

A

telophase

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21
Q

when the cell plate separates plant cells

A

cytokinesis

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22
Q

when the animal cells are separated

A

cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)

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23
Q

what makes sure that cells divide only when it is helpful and making sure that damaged cells don’t make daughter cells

A

checkpoint proteins

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24
Q

this occurs when cells break away from an initial tumor to establish tumors somewhere else

A

metastasis

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25
Q

separates sister chromatids to produce cells where each chromosome is represented by only one strand of DNA

A

meiosis II

26
Q

there are 2 haploid daughter cells after this process

A

meiosis I

27
Q

when does crossing over occur?

A

prophase I (meiosis)

28
Q

a segment of DNA that transmits information form parent to offspring

A

gene

29
Q

in DNA, what are the 4 hydrogen bases

A

adenine, thynine, guanine, and cytosine

30
Q

what hydrogen bases can pair with each other in DNA?

A

adenine and thymine; guanine and cytosine

31
Q

when a DNA molecule is copied, what does it contain?

A

1 copy of old DNA (from parent) and 1 copy of new DNA

32
Q

what is any permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?

A

mutation

33
Q

if you have 20% A’s and 30% G’s, what percentage of T’s and C’s do you have?

A

20% T’s, 30% C’s

34
Q

the full name of DNA

A

Deoxirobo Nucleic Acid

35
Q

the full name of RNA

A

Ribo Nucleic Acid

36
Q

what makes up a nucleotide?

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and a hydrogen base (only the hydrogen bas can be different for each nucleotide)

37
Q

in RNA, what are the 4 hydrogen bases?

A

adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

38
Q

in RNA, what hydrogen bases can pair with each other?

A

adenine and uracil; guanine and cytosine

39
Q

since all of our bodily cells have the exact same DNA, how do we have different types of cells, tissues, etc

A

because the DNA “turns on” certain genes in order to make the different things

40
Q

what is the flow of genetic information

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

41
Q

transfers DNA info into an mRNA molecule (occurs in nucleus)

A

transcription

42
Q

what do each letters transfer to from the DNA to the mRNA

A

A to U
T to A
C to G
G to C

43
Q

groups of 3 on the mRNA

A

codon

44
Q

what does translation change mRNA into (in cytoplasm or surface of rough ER)?

A

a chain of amino acids

45
Q

what does tRNA do with its anticodons

A

matches up with the codons to transfer amino acids to make a protein

46
Q

what letters match up to make tRNA

A

A to U
U to A
G to C
C to G

47
Q

a cloned animal has the same genetic info as which donor?

A

somatic cell donor

48
Q

if DNA is exposed to synthetic chemicals or radiation, what happens?

A

more mutations occur

49
Q

does a base pair substitution mutation in a gene always result in a different protein?

A

no

50
Q

an individuals observable traits (physical appearance)

A

phenotype

51
Q

the different pairs of alleles after a punnet square

A

genotype

52
Q

2 identical alleles

A

homozygous

53
Q

2 different alleles

A

heterozygous

54
Q

used for predicting the result of genetic crosses between organisms of known genotypes

A

punnet squares

55
Q

a blending of 2 different phenotypes

A

incomplete dominance

56
Q

where are sex linked traits found

A

on the X sex chromosomes

57
Q

are male or females more affected by sex linked traits

A

males

58
Q

for blood type, which letters are dominant, which are recessive?

A

A=dominant
B=dominant
(both equally dominant)
O=recessive

59
Q

this syndrome is caused by an error in meiosis which produces an egg/sperm with 2 copies of a chromosome

A

down syndrome

60
Q

what are the most inherited disorders that run in families

A

recessive disorders since the there can be carriers of that disorder to give it to the next generation

61
Q

what is used in vitro fertilization patients after the egg is fertilized but before they implant the embryo in the mother?

A

Preimplantation diagnosis

62
Q

what is used after the mother is pregnant with the baby?

A

Amniocentesis and Chorionic Sampling

Bio 114 (3 decks)

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