Unit 2 Flashcards
how many copies of chromosomes do you have in your body cells?
2 copies
where do the 2 copies of chromosomes come from in your body cells?
mom and dad
what are these matching chromosomes called?
homologous chromosomes
what is controlled by the SRY gene on the Y-chromosome?
sex determination
when the cell is not preparing to divide, the genetic material is in the form of what?
chromatid
2N
diploid
N
haploid
how many chromosomes does a human have?
46 (23 pairs)
how many autosomes are there in a human?
44 (22 pairs)
how many sex chromosomes are there in a human?
2 (1 pair)
how many chromosomes are in an egg/sperm/gamete cell?
23 (haploid)
XX
female
XY
male
what determines the sex of a baby?
the dads sperm
conserves the chromosome number, makes diploid cells, used for growth and repair, forms 2 daughter cells, daughter cells are identical to parent cells, daughter cells are identical to each other
mitosis
reduces/halves the chromosome number, makes haploid cells, creates gametes, forms 4 daughter cells, daughter cells are different from parent cells, daughter cells are different from each other
meiosis
the step where chromosomes condense
prophase
the step where chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell
metaphase
the step where chromosomes split at the centromere and separate the sister chromatids
anaphase
the step where there are 2 nuclei located in one cell
telophase
when the cell plate separates plant cells
cytokinesis
when the animal cells are separated
cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
what makes sure that cells divide only when it is helpful and making sure that damaged cells don’t make daughter cells
checkpoint proteins
this occurs when cells break away from an initial tumor to establish tumors somewhere else
metastasis
separates sister chromatids to produce cells where each chromosome is represented by only one strand of DNA
meiosis II
there are 2 haploid daughter cells after this process
meiosis I
when does crossing over occur?
prophase I (meiosis)
a segment of DNA that transmits information form parent to offspring
gene
in DNA, what are the 4 hydrogen bases
adenine, thynine, guanine, and cytosine
what hydrogen bases can pair with each other in DNA?
adenine and thymine; guanine and cytosine
when a DNA molecule is copied, what does it contain?
1 copy of old DNA (from parent) and 1 copy of new DNA
what is any permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
mutation
if you have 20% A’s and 30% G’s, what percentage of T’s and C’s do you have?
20% T’s, 30% C’s
the full name of DNA
Deoxirobo Nucleic Acid
the full name of RNA
Ribo Nucleic Acid
what makes up a nucleotide?
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and a hydrogen base (only the hydrogen bas can be different for each nucleotide)
in RNA, what are the 4 hydrogen bases?
adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
in RNA, what hydrogen bases can pair with each other?
adenine and uracil; guanine and cytosine
since all of our bodily cells have the exact same DNA, how do we have different types of cells, tissues, etc
because the DNA “turns on” certain genes in order to make the different things
what is the flow of genetic information
DNA –> RNA –> protein
transfers DNA info into an mRNA molecule (occurs in nucleus)
transcription
what do each letters transfer to from the DNA to the mRNA
A to U
T to A
C to G
G to C
groups of 3 on the mRNA
codon
what does translation change mRNA into (in cytoplasm or surface of rough ER)?
a chain of amino acids
what does tRNA do with its anticodons
matches up with the codons to transfer amino acids to make a protein
what letters match up to make tRNA
A to U
U to A
G to C
C to G
a cloned animal has the same genetic info as which donor?
somatic cell donor
if DNA is exposed to synthetic chemicals or radiation, what happens?
more mutations occur
does a base pair substitution mutation in a gene always result in a different protein?
no
an individuals observable traits (physical appearance)
phenotype
the different pairs of alleles after a punnet square
genotype
2 identical alleles
homozygous
2 different alleles
heterozygous
used for predicting the result of genetic crosses between organisms of known genotypes
punnet squares
a blending of 2 different phenotypes
incomplete dominance
where are sex linked traits found
on the X sex chromosomes
are male or females more affected by sex linked traits
males
for blood type, which letters are dominant, which are recessive?
A=dominant
B=dominant
(both equally dominant)
O=recessive
this syndrome is caused by an error in meiosis which produces an egg/sperm with 2 copies of a chromosome
down syndrome
what are the most inherited disorders that run in families
recessive disorders since the there can be carriers of that disorder to give it to the next generation
what is used in vitro fertilization patients after the egg is fertilized but before they implant the embryo in the mother?
Preimplantation diagnosis
what is used after the mother is pregnant with the baby?
Amniocentesis and Chorionic Sampling
