Unit 1 Flashcards
A general, unifying explanation of observations
hypothesis
What telescope would be used when biologists wish to study the VERY small internal organelles in cells
transmission electronic microscope
What telescope would be used when biologists wish to see just the cell membrane & possibly the nucleus in a cell
light microscope
How do you calculate the total magnification of an image in a telescope
objective power x ocular power
What is the magnification of the ocular in a telescope
10
Is course adjustment used when viewing a specimen under high power
no
What advantage does light microscopy have over electron microscopy
light microscopy allows one to view processes in living cells
this telescope can only view dead or nonliving specimens, shoot a stream of electrons at the specimen, magnify more than a another type of microscope & are more expensive
electron microscope
The process by which an individual keeps internal conditions within tolerable ranges
homeostasis
How are magnification and resolution related
they are inversely related (as the magnification increases, the resolution decreases)
How many cells are all living things composed of
1 or more cells
How do asexual and sexual reproduction transmit genetic information
from one generation to the next
The characteristics of life
Organization, Energy & Metabolism to Maintain Homeostasis, Growth & Development, Adaptation, Response to stimuli, Movement, Reproduction
Are hydrogen bonds the weakest type of bond
yes
What does the movement of water in plants against gravity require
adhesion and cohesion
The binding of “like” molecules
cohesion
Why does ice float to allow fish to swim below it
water is less dense when it freezes
What allows some insects to “walk on water”
Surface tension caused by cohesion
What would be the solute of Kool Aid
the sugar
What would be the solvent of Kool Aid
the water
What would be the solution of Kool Aid
the Kool Aid mixed together
Substances that reduce surface tension
surfactants (make water “wetter”) (example: soap)
has no nucleus, has nucleoid regions, has ribosomes (no organelles), has a cell membrane and sometimes a cell wall; example: bacteria cells
prokaryotic cell
has a nucleus, has organelles, has a cell membrane and can have cell wall; examples; animal cells, plant cells, fungi cells, and protist cells
eukaryotic cell
it absorbs water and the cell can grow
vacuole
What are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar to
free-living bacteria
Double Layer that surrounds the Cell Membrane
cell wall
Long slender structure used for motility
flagella
Contains the cell’s DNA & controls the cell’s activity
nucleus
Makes ribosomes
nucleolus
Site of Protein Synthesis
ribosomes
synthesize lipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Site of Cellular Respiration that makes ATP
mitochondria
Modifies, sorts & packages proteins & lipids
golgi complex
Contains digestive enzymes
lysosomes
Collect waste, debris & toxins
vacuole
Capture energy for Photosynthesis
chloroplasts
Framework of proteins filaments that support & organize cells
cytoskeleton
What is a key problem that very large cells face
it has too much volume for its surface area, causing it to run short on food and waste would build up
the membrane in a cell that is fluid and semi-permeable
plasma membrane
Can a spontaneous reaction occur without the input of energy
yes
The measure of disorder or randomness
entropy
What does the first law of thermodynamics state
that energy can’t be created or destroyed
How does ATP power cellular processes
by breaking off a phosphate
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions
by lowering activation energy; they are specific to their substrate and are not used up
A protein that binds to a substance outside the cell to trigger a change
receptor protein
A protein that tags a cell as belonging to “self”
recognition protein
A protein that helps cells stick together
adhesion protein
A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
enzyme
A protein that assists ions & molecules across the membrane
transport protein
What is the optimum pH of pepsin
3 or 4 which is acidic
What is the optimum pH of salivary amylase
7 which is neutral
What is a cell membrane also known as
phospholipid bilayer
A passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration that occurs until equilibrium is reached without using energy
diffusion
A type of Passive Transport that moves water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using cellular energy
osmosis
When there is more solute inside the cell than outside
hypotonic
When there is more solute outside the cell than inside
hypertonic
When there is equal amounts of solute both inside & outside
isotonic
What does a paramecium have that helps with osmoregulation (pumps out the water that is flowing in)
contractile vacuole
3 types of active transport that require energy from ATP
endocytosis, exocytosis, and pumps
A type of Active Transport that takes material into cells
endocytosis such as pinocytosis (takes in liquids) and phagocytosis (takes in solids)
Organisms that make their own food
autotrophs
How are wavelength and energy related
inversely related (as the wavelength increases, the amount of energy decreases)
Why do we see green when we look at a plant
because the the green light is reflected by chlorophyll
What determines the timing of leaf color changes in the fall
the length of night (dark)
What pigments are hidden in the summer months until the chlorophyll is destroyed in the fall
carotenoids and anthocyanins
What process(es) do animal cells go through: Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration
cellular respiration
What process(es) do plant cells go through: Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
reaction that requires oxygen
aerobic reaction
reaction that doesn’t require oxygen
anaerobic reaction
Does glycolysis use oxygen and where does it occur
anaerobic; cytoplasm
Does Kreb’s Cycle use oxygen and where does it occur
aerobic; mitochondria
Does the Electron Support Train use oxygen and where does it occur
aerobic; mitochondria
Which cellular respiration process makes the most ATP
electron support train
releases oxygen, uses energy to drive dark reactions, creates glucose, and happens in the chloroplasts
photosynthesis
consumes oxygen, generates energy (ATP), uses glucose, happens in the mitochondria
cellular respiration
Chemical Equation for photosynthesis
6 carbon dioxide + 12 water + light energy –> 1 glucose + 6 oxygen
Chemical Equation for cellular respiration
1 glucose + 6 oxygen –> 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + ATP
