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Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What subunits make up proteins?

A

Amino Acids (20)

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2
Q

Cells have 1000’s of enzymes to act as _________

A

catalysts

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3
Q

Enzymes have an attachment site called the active site for the ________ to join

A

substrate

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4
Q

What is the effect of excess heat or temperature on an enzyme?

A

It is denatured

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5
Q

Lipids are nonpolar. What does this mean?

A

They have equal charge in their structure

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6
Q

What makes up cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

Name a waxy lipid covering plants.

A

Cuticle

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8
Q

What are fats made of?

A

an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acid chains. This is called a triglyceride

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9
Q

If there are single carbon bonds in the fatty acid chain, then

A

it is saturated

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10
Q

If there is double bonds between carbon in fatty acid chains, then

A

it is unsaturated

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11
Q

Nucleic acid carries genetic information in a molecule called _________

A

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

DNA has the instructions for making a cells______

A

proteins

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13
Q

RNA copies DNA so _______ can be made

A

proteins

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14
Q

What are the subunits making up nucleic acid?

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

sugar, phosphste, and a base

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16
Q

What are the 4 main elements that make up 96% of an organism?

A

H, O, C, N

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17
Q

Why is carbon able to form so many types of bonds?

A

It has the ability to form single, double, triple bonds, or straight chains, branched chains, rings

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18
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

large, covalently bonded groups of atoms

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19
Q

Name the 4 classes of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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20
Q

What are the 2 categories all compounds can be classified into?

A

organic/inorganic

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21
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

C-C and C-H bonds

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22
Q

Name 3 elements your body needs trace amounts of for proper functioning

A

Iron, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur

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23
Q

Name 2 ways your body uses carbohydrates

A

energy (provide and store) and it is part of the cell membrane (the outer coating)

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24
Q

What are the subunits called that make up carbohydrates?

A

monosaccarides

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25
Q

What is the ratio of C, H, O in monosaccarides?

A

C6 H12 O6

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26
Q

Name 3 monosaccarides

A

glucose, fructose, dextrose

27
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccarides

28
Q

What are long chains of sugars?

A

starches

29
Q

Name 3 starches

A

Chitin, celllulose, glycogen

30
Q

Example of a disaccharide

A

sucrose

31
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

more salt, less water; higher concentration

32
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

less salt, more water; lower concentration

33
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Concentration is relatively even

34
Q

What are the cells called when they are hypertonic

A

A-crenated
P-plasmolysed

35
Q

What are the cells called when they are hypotonic

A

A-lysed
P-turgid

36
Q

Why do grocery stores spray pure water over their produce?

A

The hypotonic water will move in, giving the produce a healthier look

37
Q

Atoms connected by pairs of covalent bonds share ______

A

pairs of electrons

38
Q

From the information that 2 atoms have different proton counts, you can conclude that the atoms _______

A

belong to 2 entirely different elements

39
Q

Describe the charges in a water molecule

A

O- negative
H- positive

40
Q

Changes in temperature and pH can decrease an enzyme’s activity by breaking ________

A

hydrogen bonds

41
Q

How does an enzyme help speed up a chemical reaction?

A

It decreases the amount of energy that is needed , so it moves faster

42
Q

How does an atom become an ion?

A

An atom must gain or lose elctrons

43
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

sharing of an electron pair between two atoms

44
Q

What kind of a reaction do enzymes have?

A

exothermic

45
Q

Are enzymes reusable?

A

yes

46
Q

ATP stores energy in bonds between its ______

A

phosphate groups

47
Q

What is a central purpose of steroids in mammals

A

they serve as a chemical messengers

48
Q

When fatty acids cannot pack together tightly enough to make a solid fat, they have ________

A

fewer hydrogen atoms

49
Q

Which bonds could a single carbon atom have?

A

a triple bond and a single bond

50
Q

Describe a polymer

A

A large molecule made of smaller subunits

51
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleic acid

A

a chain of monomers composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitogenous base

52
Q

What form does carbon take after photosynthesis?

A

oxygen and sugar

53
Q

What form does carbon take after cellular respiration?

A

carbon dioxide and ATP

54
Q

What is the function of a protein?

A

it helps build and strengthen muscles

55
Q

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

A

it supplies the sugars needed for energy

56
Q

What is the function of a lipid?

A

It stores energy and nutrients in fat

57
Q

What is the function of a nucleic acid?

A

It creates DNA

58
Q

The fatty acid tails of phospholipids are _______

A

hydrophobic

59
Q

The heads of phospholipids are _______-

A

Hydrophillic

60
Q

Which property of water is most responsible for water moving from the roots to the leaves of a plant?

A
61
Q

Compared with the inputs of photosynthesis, the molecules that are outputs of photosynthesis will have _______ total number of atoms, ________ combined mass, and ________ chemical properties. The energy stored in the chemical bonds of the output molecules, as compared to the energy in bonds of the input molecules, will be ______

A

the same; the same; different; different

62
Q

Water is a _____

A

polar molecule that dissolves other polar molecules

63
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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