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Apes > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

the number of diff. habitats available in a given area

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2
Q

Species diversity

A

the number of diff. species in an ecosystem and the balance or evenness of the pop. sizes of all species in the ecosystem

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3
Q

Genetic diversity

A

how different the genes are of individuals within a population (group of the same species)

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4
Q

Evenness

A

measure of how all of the individual organisms in an ecosystem are balanced between the different species

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5
Q

Richness

A

total number of different species found in an ecosystem

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6
Q

Genetic diversity

A

measure of how different the genomes (set of genes) are of the individuals within a population of a given species

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7
Q

Bottleneck events

A

natural disaster/human hab. destruction) that drastically reduces pop. size & kills organisms regardless of their genome

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8
Q

Inbreeding

A

when organisms mate with closely related “family” members, Leads to higher chance of offspring having harmful genetic mutations because they’re getting similar genotypes from both parents

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9
Q

Resilience

A

the ability of an ecosystem to return to its original conditions after a major disturbance (wind storm, fire, flood, clear-cutting, etc.)

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9
Q

Higher species diversity =

A

higher ecosystem resilience

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10
Q

Provisioning

A

Goods taken directly from ecosystems or made from nat. resources (wood, paper, food)

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10
Q

Regulating

A

Nat. ecosystems regulate climate/air quality, reducing storm damage & healthcare costs

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11
Q

Supporting

A

Nat. ecosystems support processes we do ourselves, making them cheaper & easier(bees pollinate crops)

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12
Q

Islands closer to the “mainland”

A

support more species

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13
Q

Cultural

A

Money generate by recreation (parks, camping, tours) or scientific knowledge

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14
Q

Human activities ….

A

disrupt the ability of ecosystems to function, which decreases the value of ecosystem services they provide

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15
Q

Overfishing leads to

A

fish pop. collapse (lost fishing jobs and lower fish sales in the future)

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15
Q

Clearing land for ag./cities removes trees that store CO2 (more CO2 in atm.=

A

more CC = more storm damage & crop failure)

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16
Q

Zone of physiological stress

A

range where organisms survive, but experience some stress such as infertility, lack of growth, decreased activity, etc.

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16
Q

Larger Islands support ..

A

more total species

17
Q

Zone of intolerance:

A

range where the organism will die

Ex: thermal shock, suffocation, lack of food/water/oxygen

17
Q

Natural Disturbances

A

natural event that disrupts the structure and or function of an ecosystem
Ex: Tornados, hurricanes, asteroids, forest fires, drought

18
Q

Episodic

A

occasional events with irregular frequency (ex: hurricanes, droughts, fires)

19
Q

Ecological Range of Tolerance

A

Range of conditions such as temperature, salinity, pH, or sunlight that an organism can endure before injury or death

19
Q

Optimal range:

A

range where organisms survive, grow, and reproduce

20
Q

Periodic

A

occurs with regular frequency (ex: dry-wet seasons)

21
Q

Random:

A

no regular frequency (volcanoes, earthquakes, and asteroids)

22
Q

Natural Climate Change

A

Earth’s climate has varied over geologic time for numerous reasons
Ex: Slight changes in earth’s orbit & tilt cause mini ice ages & warmer periods as earth shifts slightly closer to & further from sun

23
Q

Also due to climate change,

A

Sea level has varied over geological time as glacial ice on earth melts & forms

24
Q

Migration

A

Wildlife may migrate to a new habitat as the result of natural disruptions
Ex: wildebeests migrating to follow rain patterns of African savanna

25
Q

Adaptation

A

a new trait that increases an organism’s fitness (ability to survive and reproduce)

26
Q

Genetic diversity exists because:

A

Random mutations while DNA is being copied create new traits

Crossing over in parent chromosomes creates new combinations of genes (and therefore traits)

27
Q

Natural selection

A

organisms that are better adapted to their env. survive and reproduce more offspring

28
Q

Evolution

A

Individuals with adaptations pass them on to offspring & individuals without adaptations die off, which leads to the entire population having the adaptation over time

29
Q

Selective pressure/force:

A

the environmental condition that kills individuals without the adaptation

30
Q

Environmental Change & Evolution

A

The environment an organism lives in determines which traits are adaptations
As environments change, different traits may become adaptations & old traits may become disadvantages

31
Q

Pace of Evolution

A

The more rapidly an env. changes, the less likely a species in the env. will be to adapt to those changes
If the pace of env. change is too rapid, many species may migrate out of the env. or die-off completely

32
Q

Ecological Succession

A

A series of predictable stages of growth that a forest goes through

33
Q

Primary Succession

A

Starts from bare rock in an area with no previous soil formation
Moss & lichen spores carried by the wind grow directly on rocks, breaking them down to form soil

34
Q

Secondary Succession:

A

starts from already established soil, in an area where a disturbance (fire/tornado/human land clearing) cleared out the majority of plant life
Grasses, sedges, wildflowers, and berry bushes have seeds dispersed by wind or animal droppings

35
Q

Stages of Succession

A

Stages are characterized by which types of plant species dominate the ecosystem; different species are adapted to the conditions of the different stages

36
Q

Pioneer or early succession species

A

appear first, when the ground is simply bare rock, or bare soil after a disturbance

37
Q

Characteristics of Pioneer or early succession species

A

seeds spread by wind or animals, fast growing, tolerant of shallow soil and full sunlight
moss, lichen (bare rock) | wildflowers, raspberries, grasses/sedges

38
Q

Mid-successional species

A

appear after pioneer species have helped develop deeper soil with more nutrients by their cycles of growth/death

39
Q

Late successional or climax community species

A

appear last, after soil is deepened and enriched with nutrients by cycles of growth and death by early & mid successional species

40
Q

Characteristics of Mid-successional species

A

relatively fast growing, larger plants that need deeper soils with more nutrients than pioneers, sun tolerant
shrubs, bushes, fast-growing trees like aspen, cherry, and pine

41
Q

Characteristics of Late successional or climax community species

A

large, slow-growing trees that are tolerant of shade and require deep soils for large root networks

Ex: maples, oaks, other large trees

42
Q
A

Apes (4 decks)

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