UNIT 2 Flashcards
What are four physical factors that influence the distribution of human populations?
Climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water,& natural resources
Identify four human factors that influence the distribution of human populations.
Economic, cultural, historical, and political factors
Pull Factors
Economic: A variety of opportunities/services
Social: A community that is open and welcoming to different cultural groups
Historical: Influenced, historical events, political boundaries, and empires
Political: A stable political environment where people feel safe and supported
What is the difference between dispersed and clustered places?
Places that are dispersed have their population, buildings, or other features spread out over a geographic area. Clustered places have little to no space between the different features.
Describe the difference between population distribution and density.
Distribution is the spread of people in an area, while density is the number of people in an area
Arithmetic
Total population/total amount of and, a commonly used metric to show how densely populated an area is
Physiological
Total population/total amount of arable land Measures the pressure that society puts on the environment of the population
Agricultural
Number of farmers/total amount of arable land. Shows the level of efficiency of agricultural production in an area
Explain why the physiological density is a more accurate measure of population pressure than the arithmetic density.
The physiological density takes into account the relationship between the population and arable land, giving insight into the impact that feeding the population will have on agricultural lands
Explain why a region may have a low agricultural density.
More productive agricultural practices and techniques may be used in the region. More machines and advanced equipment for the production of agricultural products are also likely to be used
What is the difference between population distribution and population density?
Population distribution shows where people live. Population density shows how many people live in specific areas.
Impact of Population Density & Distribution
Political: Areas that are more densely populated tend to have greater political representation compared to areas that have a low density and are sparsely populated
Economic: Places with a higher density often have more economic and social opportunities. Places with lower population density are less likely to have higher taxes and high cost of living
Social: More densely populated areas often have more education, healthcare, and social offerings for residents. Areas with a lower population density tend to lack specialized services but have a more communal feel
Environmental: Densely populated areas are more likely to expand outwards, leading to urban sprawl. Less densely populated areas are more likely to have more green spaces and open areas
Identify two environmental problems associated with higher population densities.
Pollution and depletion of resources
Define carrying capacity
The number of people that can be supported without damaging the environment
Identify six different demographic characteristics
Age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income, and occupation
What do the Yaxis and Xaxis represent in a population pyramid?
The TheYaxis represents age ranges or cohorts, while the Xaxis represents the number of people in society
Identify the three different categories based on people’s stages of life
1)Pre-reproductiveyears(0–14) 2)Reproductiveyears(15–44)
3)Post-reproductiveyears(45andup)
Describe two different ways in which population pyramids can be used to understand society better.
1)Governments can use them to see what will happen with their tax base in the future
2)A state can use them to better understand what services they need to provide their residents
How do you find the sex ratio of a society?
(Malebirthsinasociety/female births in society)*100
Describe how you interpret sex ratio data
If the number is above 100, it means there are more male births in society. If it is below 100, it means there are more female births.Ifitis100, the ratio of births is the same
Dependency ratio
((Childrenaged0to14)+(Peopleaged65+)/(Workingagepopulation))*100
Child dependency ratio
((Childrenaged0to14)/(Workingagepopulation))*100
Elderly dependency ratio
((Peopleaged65+)/(Workingagepopulation))*100
What does a high dependency ratio mean?
There will be a larger burden on society since the working population will have to pay more taxes to support the number of people who are not working
Crude Birth Rate(CBR)
Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people that lives in society
Crude Death Rate(CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year forevery1,000 people alive in a society
Natural Increase Rate/Rate of natural Increase
The percentage by which a population grows in a year.(NIRorRNI)=CBR-CDR
doubling time
The amount it takes a population to double
TotalFertilityRate(TFR)
The average number of children women will have
Infant Mortality Rate(IMRP)
The total number of deaths in individuals under one year of age in a year for every1,000 live births
Whatisthereplacementrateofasociety?
ATFRof2.1
Identify three things that could reduceasociety’sIMR, TFR, or CDR.
1) More opportunities for women in society
2)Better access to healthcare services
3)Investment in education for both men and women
Explain what happens to society’s growth rate as economic development occurs
Women gain more access to different jobs and services insociety, which causes the RNIto decreases women spend more time getting educated, working,and participating in society
Describe why economies that are agriculture-based often have a higher RNI
Larger families in these regions are often economic assets since children can help out on the farm and help support the family
What are two things the government can do to impact the population dynamics of society?
1)Restrict immigration
2)Implementpro/antinatalistpolicies
3)Provide more opportunities for women and men in society
Stage 1 of the DTM
High birth and fertility rate. High death rate and child mortality rate. little population growth. Subsistence farming. Life expectancy is low, medical field is very low. The role of women is traditional - caretakers/mothers. seasonal migration for food and flocks. No one is in this demographic anymore.
Stage 2 of the DTM
Very high birth rate, need more kids to farm. Rapid decrease in death rate. The rapid increase in population growth. The main economic focus is agriculture for trade. Life expectancy is increasing as there is increasing sanitation. Women are still in traditional roles. Migration patterns are from rural to urban. Afghanistan, Angolia, Sudan
Stage 3 of the DTM
The birth rate is rapidly decreasing, no need for as many kids. The death rate is decreasing. Population grows at a slower rate. The economic focus is manufacturing. Life expectancy is increasing, and health care is better. More women in the workforce. Increase in rural to urban migration. Mexico, Vietnam.
Stage 4 of the DTM
The birth rate is flat and bottoms out. The death rate is flat and bottoms out. Zero population growth. The economic focus is on service industries. Highest life expectancy, specialized doctors, and best healthcare. Women are economically and socially empowered. Surbaban living and more immigration. China and USA
Stage 5 of the DTM
Very Low CBR / Increasing CDR / Declining NIR
Demographers predict a possible stage 5 of the demographic transition for some developed countries.
After several decades of very low birth rates, a stage 5 country would have relatively few young women aging into childbearing years. As those in the smaller pool of women each choose to have fewer children, birth rates would continue to fall even more than in stage 4.
The theoretical Stage 5 is not included in the model above.What are two unique characteristics of Stage 5?
1)CDR goes above the CBR, causing the population to decrease
2)The majority of the population is generally in their post-reproductive years
Explain what a country in Stage 5 could do to fix its declining population.
The country’s government could pass new policies to increase the number of immigrants coming into the country or could pass pronatalist policies to increase their CBR
Identify two countries that could be classified as Stage5 countries
1)Japan
2)Germany
Describe what changes occur in newly industrialized economies and where they are located on the demographic transition model
As countries’main economic drivers shift from agriculture to manufacturing, we see increased rates of urbanization and greater spending on infrastructure. Countries experiencing this transition are generally in Stage2 and possibly moving into Stage 3 of the demographic transition model
Difference between epidemilogical transition model and demographic transition model:
The difference between the two is that the DMT shows how birth and death rates change as a country goes through different stages of development while the ETM comes from epidemiology (a branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people).
Stage 1 of ETM
Pestilence, famine, and death. People die from parasitic diseases,infectious diseases, animal attacks, pandemics, epidemics, food shortages, and/or contaminated water
Stage 2 of ETM
Fewer deaths and receding pandemics. Society sees an improved standard of living, increased food production, more nutritious food, and improved sanitation, all of which decrease the CDRof society
Stage 4 of ETM
Fighting degenerative diseases. Medical advancements allow society to fight degenerative diseases, resulting in people living longer lives. During this stage, people start to focus on healthier lifestyles, but some people risk living a sedentary life while eating unhealthy foods
Stage 3 of ETM
Degenerative diseases. Individuals in society start to live longer, causing the body to be impacted by degenerative diseases, such as cancer or heart disease
Stage 5 of ETM
Resurgence of infectious disease. Here, infectious diseases return, often due to disease mutation, globalization, or increased rates of poverty and urbanization
Describe why increased rates of urbanization and poverty could lead to there surgence of infectious diseases.
Individuals living in urban areas often live in close proximity to other people.If an urban area has a high poverty rate, its residents likely lack healthcare services, resulting in more spread of disease among individuals
What was ThomasMalthus’s prediction?
Asociety’s population growth would cause the population of society to exceed the carrying capacity because food production grows arithmetically and the population grows exponentially
What is the difference between arithmetic growth and exponential growth?
Arithmetic growth increases by constant number. Exponential grow is compounded, causing a spike in numbers
What would happen if society experienced a Malthusian catastrophe, and how could it be prevented?
Society would experience war, famine, or disease outbreaks.Thiscouldbestoppedby having governments step into reduce society’s growth rate(forexample,by implementing anti-natalist policies)
Describe two reasons why Malthus was wrong
1)As societies advance economically, their birth rate starts to decrease, disproving the idea that population growth sex potentially
2)Agricultural revolutions significantly increased food production, disproving the idea that food production grew at an arithmetic rate
What does it mean to be a neo-Malthusian?
Aneo-Malthusianisaperson still believes inMalthus’stheory; however, they have expanded the theory to include all natural resources. This is a modern-dayversionofMalthus’sidea
What is the difference between pro-natalist policies and anti-natalist policies?
Pronatalist policies are created to help increase society’s birthrate. Anti-natalist policies were created to decrease a society’s birthrate
Identify two pro-natalist policies
Tax exemption, free childcare, propaganda
Identify two anti-natalist policies
Limiting the amount of children per family, reducing tax benefits, propaganda
Identify what type of policy China’s one-child policy is and explain why China modified it
It’sananti-natalistpolicy.China modified the policy because the country’s population started to decrease at an unsustainable rate,causingitsRNI to become negative
What do governments often base their immigration policies on?
1)Economic needs
2)National security priorities
3)Cultural values
Identify three reasons why the TFR falls as country tries to continue to develop economically
1)Moreaccesstocontraception(more family planning)
2)Increased access to healthcare services
3)Greatereconomicopportunitiesforwomen
Explain what happens to a society’s TFRas women receive more education and opportunities in society
Increased education for women often leads toalowerTFRforsocietybecause women start having kids at an older age. When women get educated, they spend more timeinschoolandintheworkforce
Describe how more education impactstheIMR of society
As men and women get more education, society’s IMRstartsto decrease, since people are more knowledgeable about how to raise a family
Identify three positive impacts of increased immigration
)Increased economic development
2)More cultural diversity
3)Increased variety of goods/services
Define the maternal mortality rate
A measure of the number of maternal deathsper100,000livebirths that occur due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications
When countries have greater gender inequality and more traditional gender roles, they often experience what with their population? Explain
A high population growth rate. This is because when women are denied opportunities in society, they are often seen solely as caretakers,resulting inahigherTFR,lower economic growth, and higher RNI
What is Ravenstein’ laws of migration?
Most migration happens for economic reasons and is often undertaken by young adults
Migrants often travel short distances and will travel instep migration
Migrants are more likely to move from rural areas to urban areas
Whenever migration happens, a counterstreamiscreated
Large urban areas tend to experience population growth primarily through migration rather than natural births
Migration canleadto increased economic development due to new goods, foods, ideas, and businesses entering the location
Women are more likely to migrate internally within a country, while young males are the most likely to migrate internationally
What happens to countries’ demographic characteristics as they develop economically?
The population growth rate starts to decrease as the population starts to age
Describe the gravity Model
Thismodelshowsthelikelihoodthataplacewillinteractwithanotherplace.It factors in the size of the place and the distance fromthe other place
Explain what happens with tax revenue in countries with a high dependency ratio.
Countries with high dependency ratio have fewer people paying taxes and putting money into the system and more people who are retired and taking money out of the system
What might happen to family structures in an aging society?
Family roles may shift, as individuals will have to take care of their aging parents, resulting in less free time andfewerfinancialresources
What can countries do to counter negative growth rates due to an aging population?
Governments can implement pro-natalist and pro-immigrant policies
What is the difference between pull and push factors?
Pull factors are positive situations, conditions, events,andfactorsthatmakepeoplewanttomovetoaplace. Push factors are negative situations, conditions, events, and factors that make people want to leave the place
Economic Push and Pull
Lack of job opportunities, economic instability, high taxes, high living
More economic opportunities, fewer taxes, greater variety of goods/services
Political Push and Pull
Political persecution, discrimination, lack of political, unstable environment
Bettergovernmentservices, protection of individual rights, political freedom, and stability
Social Push and Pull
Religious and cultural persecution, discrimination, lack of services
Access to quality healthcare and education, acceptance of differences or cultures, a desire to beclosertofamilymembers
Environmental Push and Pull
Natural disasters, environmental degradation, increased air/water pollution, undesirable climates
Favorable climates, better living conditions with less pollution, more access to arable land and natural resources
What is the difference between emigration and immigration?
Emigration is when an individual leaves a country or political territory. Immigration is when an individual enters a country or political territory
Explain the idea of intervening obstacles and intervening opportunities.
Intervening obstacles are negative situations or events that hinder or stop a migrant from reaching their destination. Intervening opportunities are positive situations or events that hinder or stop migrants from reaching their destination
Define forced migration
Migration that occurs due to external factors outside of the migrant’s control(e.g., war, natural disasters, political oppression)
Identify four examples of forced migration.
1)Human tracking
2)Forced child labor
3)Child soldiers
4)Slavery
What is the difference between a refugee and an internally displaced person (IDP)?
A refugee is an individual who has been forced to leave their home country and has crossed an international border. AnIDP is a person who was forced to leave their home but did not cross the internationally recognized state border
Define voluntary migration
Migration that occurs due to person choosing to migrate
Transnational Migration
A migrant migrates from their home country to another country but remains connected to their origin country
GuestWorker
A migrant who may temporarily migrate to a new country for work or education
Chain Migration
A process in which a legal immigrant who becomes a naturalized citizen sponsors a family member to immigrate to the country
Rural-to-Urban Migration
Movementofpeoplefromruralsettlementstourbansettlements
Transhumance Migration
Migration that is cyclical and revolves around the seasonal movement of livestock
Interregional Migration
Migration involves a permanent move from one region of the country to another region
Intraregional Migration
Migration that involves a permanent move within the same region
Define “remittance.”
Money an immigrant sends back to their family residing in their home country
Identify two political consequences of migration
1)Increased debates between citizensovercitizenships
2)Increased tension over jobs and immigration policies
What is brain drain?
This is when skilled labor leaves a geographic area in favor of another area that offers more opportunities
Generally, what happens to the economy as more immigrants enter the country?
The state will see increased economic development as ideas, people, goods, and businesses enter the country
Identify three reasons why some people may be resistant to letting new migrants enter the country
1)Fearoflosingjobstoimmigrants
2)Negative stereotypes
3)Fear of losing a particular lifestyle
What is the difference between acculturation and assimilation?
Acculturation is when a culture adopts various cultural traits of another culture, modifying the original culture. Assimilation is when a minority culture adopts and culture, resulting in a loss of the original culture
Ecumene
The areas of Earth that humans consider too harsh for occupancy have diminished over time, whereas the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Demography
the study of the human population
The maternal mortality rate
the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).
The United States has had three main eras of immigration:
Colonial settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Mass European immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Asian and Latin American immigration in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Family reunification
Approximately three-fourths of immigrants are admitted to reunify families, primarily spouses or unmarried children of people already living in the United States. The typical wait for a spouse to gain entry is currently about five years.
Skilled workers
Exceptionally talented professionals receive most of the remainder of the quota.
Diversity
A few immigrants are admitted by lottery under a diversity category for people from countries that historically sent few people to the United States.
