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CU Sociology Vocab > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Social Control

A

The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.

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2
Q

Sanctions

A

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.

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3
Q

Conformity

A

Going along with peers—(individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior).

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4
Q

Obedience

A

Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.

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5
Q

Informal Social Control

A

Social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through means such as laughter, smiles, and ridicule.

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6
Q

Control Theory

A

A view of conformity and deviance that suggests our connections to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms.

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7
Q

Formal Social Control

A

Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers.

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8
Q

Law

A

Governmental social control.

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9
Q

Anomie

A

Durkheim’s term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.

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10
Q

Anomie Theory of Deviance

A

Robert Morton’s theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribes goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both.

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11
Q

Cultural Transmission

A

A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions.

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12
Q

Deviance

A

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

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13
Q

Differential association

A

A theory of defiance proposed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts.

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14
Q

Differential justice

A

Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups.

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15
Q

Labeling theory

A

An approach to defiance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not.

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16
Q

Social constructionist behavior

A

An approach to deviance that emphasizes the roe of culture in the creation of deviant identity.

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17
Q

Social disorganization theory

A

The theory that crime and defiance are caused by the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions.

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18
Q

Societal-reaction approach

A

Another term for labeling theory—(An approach to defiance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not.)

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19
Q

Stigma

A

A label used to devalue members of certain social groups.

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20
Q

Crime

A

Violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties

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21
Q

Victimless Crime

A

Willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services

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22
Q

Professional Crime

A

Committed by a professional criminal: person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation

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23
Q

Organized Crime

A

Work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities

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24
Q

White-collar crime

A

Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent, “respectable” people

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25
Q

Cybercrime

A

illegal activity primarily conducted through the use of computer hardware or software

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26
Q

Hate Crime

A

Ordinary crime considered a hate crime: offender is motivated by victim’s race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation; and evidence shows hatred prompted offender to act

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27
Q

Transnational Crime

A

Crime that occurs across multiple national borders; spans the globe

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28
Q

Index crimes

A

eight types of crime tabulated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
-Violent crimes against people: murder, rape, robbery, assault
-Property crimes: burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

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29
Q

Victimization surveys

A

surveys of ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have been victims of crime

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30
Q

Social inequality

A

situation in which members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power

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31
Q

Stratification

A

structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society

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32
Q

Ascribed status

A

social position assigned to person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics

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33
Q

Achieved status

A

social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts

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34
Q

Slavery

A

individuals owned by other people, who treat them as property

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35
Q

Castes

A

hereditary ranks that are usually religiously dictated and that tend to be fixed and immobile.

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36
Q

Estate system

A

Feudalism—(peasants worked land leased to them in exchange for military protection and other services).

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37
Q

Class system

A

social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility.
Upper, Lower, Middle, Working.

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38
Q

Capitalism

A

economic system in which means of production held largely in private hands, and main incentive for economic activity is accumulation of profits

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39
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

capitalist class; owners of the means of production

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40
Q

Proletariat

A

Working class

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41
Q

Class consciousness

A

subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about change

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42
Q

False consciousness

A

attitude held by members of class that does not accurately reflect their objective position

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43
Q

Class

A

group of people who have similar level of wealth and income

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44
Q

Status group

A

people who have the same prestige or lifestyle

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45
Q

Power

A

ability to exercise one’s will over others

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46
Q

conspicuous consumption

A

purchasing goods not to survive but to flaunt superior wealth and social standing

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47
Q

Objective method

A

assigns individuals to classes on basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence

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48
Q

Prestige

A

respect and admiration an occupation
holds in society

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49
Q

Esteem

A

reputation a specific person has earned within an occupation

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50
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

measure of social class based on income, education, and occupation

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51
Q

Absolute poverty

A

minimum level of subsistence
that no family should live below

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52
Q

Relative poverty

A

floating standard by which
people at the bottom of society judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole

53
Q

feminization of poverty

A

Increase of single mother households in poverty

54
Q

Underclass

A

long-term poor who lack training
and skills

55
Q

Life chances

A

people’s opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

56
Q

Social mobility

A

movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another

57
Q

Open system

A

position of each individual influenced by the person’s achieved status

58
Q

Closed system

A

allows little or no possibility of moving up

59
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

movement within same range
of prestige

60
Q

Vertical mobility

A

movement from one position to another of a different rank

61
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

changes in children’s position relative to their parents

62
Q

Intragenerational mobility

A

social position changes within person’s adult life

63
Q

Colonialism

A

The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period.

64
Q

Dependency theory

A

An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain.

65
Q

Globalization

A

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movement,s and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.

66
Q

Modernization theory

A

A functionalist approach that propose that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations.

67
Q

Modernization

A

The far reaching process through which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristics of more developed societies.

68
Q

Neocolonalism

A

Continued dependence of former colonies on foreign countries.

69
Q

World system analysis

A

The global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations.

70
Q

Corporate Welfare

A

tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants the government gives to corporations

71
Q

Racial group

A

group set apart from others because
of physical differences that have taken on social significance

72
Q

Ethnic group

A

group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

73
Q

Minority group

A

subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives

74
Q

Racial formation

A

sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed

75
Q

Prejudice

A

negative attitude toward an entire category of people

76
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

tendency to assume one’s culture and way of life are superior to others

77
Q

Racism

A

belief that one race is supreme and others are innately inferior

78
Q

Stereotypes

A

Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences with the group

79
Q

Color-blind racism

A

use of principle of race neutrality to defend racially unequal status quo

80
Q

Discrimination

A

denial of opportunities and equal rights to people on an arbitrary basis

81
Q

Glass ceiling

A

invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity

82
Q

White privilege

A

rights or immunities granted
to people as a benefit or favor simply because they are White

83
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from normal operations of a society

84
Q

Affirmative action

A

positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

85
Q

Redlining

A

pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods

86
Q

Functionalists, Conflict and Labeling Theorists, and Interactionists view on Race

A

-Functionalists: racial prejudice and discrimination positive for dominant groups
-Conflict theorists: economic structure a central factor in exploitation of minorities
-Labeling theorists: minorities singled out for differential treatment by law enforcement
-Interactionists: everyday contact contributes to tolerance or hostility

87
Q

Nash’s Three Functions

A

1: Moral justification for maintaining unequal society

2: Discouraging subordinate groups from questioning their status

3: Suggestion that any major social change would bring greater poverty to the minority

88
Q

Rose’s Four Dysfunctions

A

1: Society that practices discrimination fails to use resources of all individuals

2: Discrimination aggravates social problems

3: Society must invest time and money to defend barriers to full participation

4: Racial prejudice undercuts goodwill and diplomatic relations between nations

89
Q

Exploitation theory

A

racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies dominant group with cheap labor

90
Q

Racial profiling

A

any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on person’s behavior

91
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon old stereotypes

92
Q

Functionalist, Conflict, Labeling, and Interactionist Perspectives on Economy and Race

A

-Functionalist perspective: dominant majority benefits from the subordination of racial minorities

  • Conflict perspective: vested interests perpetuate racial inequality through economic exploitation
  • Labeling perspective: people profiled and stereotyped based on racial and ethnic identity
  • Interactionist perspective: cooperative interracial contacts can reduce hostility
93
Q

Genocide

A

deliberate, systematic killing of entire people or nation

94
Q

Segregation

A

physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence

95
Q

Apartheid

A

Republic of South Africa severely restricted the movement of Blacks and non-Whites

96
Q

Amalgamation

A

happens when majority group and minority group combine to form a new group

97
Q

Assimilation

A

process through which people forsake their cultural traditions to become part of a different culture

98
Q

Pluralism

A

based on mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another’s cultures

99
Q

Black power

A

rejected assimilation into White
middle-class society

100
Q

Remittances

A

monies that immigrants return to their families of origin

101
Q

Anti-Semitism

A

anti-Jewish prejudice

102
Q

Symbolic ethnicity

A

emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage

103
Q

Refugees

A

people granted right to enter country while still residing abroad

104
Q

Asylees

A

foreigners who have already entered country and seek protection from persecution

105
Q

Model/Ideal Minority

A

A subordinate group whose members have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past discrimination and prejudice, and without resorting to political and violent confrontations with whites.

106
Q

Gender roles

A

expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

107
Q

Homophobia

A

fear of and prejudice against homosexuality

108
Q

Expressiveness

A

maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family

109
Q

Instrumentality

A

emphasis on tasks, focus on more distant goals, and concern for external relationship between one’s family and social institutions

110
Q

Matrix of domination

A

convergence of social forces that contribute to subordinate status of poor, non-White women

111
Q

Sociological Perspectives on Gender

A

Functionalist perspective:
–Gender differentiation contributes to social stability

Conflict perspective:
–Gender inequality is rooted in the female–male power relationship

Feminist perspective:
–Women’s subjugation is integral to society and social structure

Interactionist perspective:
–Gender distinctions and “doing gender” are reflected in people’s everyday behavior

112
Q

Multiple masculinities

A

men play a variety of gender roles

113
Q

Brass Ceiling

A

An invisible barrier blocking women in the military from promotion because of her official (not necessarily actual) exclusion from combat.

114
Q

Gender identity

A

how people see themselves, as male or female or something else

115
Q

Sexual identity

A

self-awareness of being romantically or sexually attracted to a defined group of people

116
Q

Sexism

A

ideology that one sex is superior to the other

117
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

denial of opportunities and equal rights as result of normal operations of society

118
Q

Glass escalator

A

advantage men experience in occupations dominated by women

119
Q

Second shift

A

work outside home followed by
child care and housework

120
Q

Feminism

A

belief in social, economic, and political equality for women

121
Q

Activity theory

A

An interactionist theory of aging that suggests that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted.

122
Q

Disengagement theory

A

A functionalist theory of aging that suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships.

123
Q

Gerontological

A

The scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged.

124
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons age.

125
Q

Euthanasia

A

The act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way for reasons of mercy.

126
Q

Hospice Care

A

Treatment of the terminally ill in their homes, or in special hospital units or other facilities, with the goal of helping them die easily, without pain.

127
Q

Sandwich Generation

A

The generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children.

128
Q

Naturally occurring retirement community (NORC)

A

An area that has gradually become and informal center for senior citizens.

CU Sociology Vocab (3 decks)

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