Unit 2 Flashcards
What are the stages of prenatal development?
Germinal period: within 2 weeks after fertilization
Embryonic period: week 3-8; organs develop in the embryo
Fetal period: week 9-birth; prepares baby to survive outside womb (physical and brain development)
What are teratogens?
Anything harmful to the fetus
Ex: may affect child’s attention, reasoning, behavior, attitude
What reflexes are present at birth?
Grasping, rooting, sucking
What are the attachment theories?
Secure: confident enough to play in an unfamiliar setting as long as caregiver is present
Avoidant: infant who doesn’t show emotion for caregiver when they leave
Ambivalent: mixed feelings about caregiver; both seeks caregiver and rejects caregiver
Disorganized: infant doesn’t find caregiver secure as physical/mental needs are not met
What’s Piaget’s cognitive stages of development?
- Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs): object permanence (9 months) - learn reflexively such as sucking a nipple, grasping a finger, seeing a face
- Preoperational (2-7yrs): able to see from someone else’s perspective such as using a stick as a sword
- Concrete operational (7-12yrs): law of conversation - child glass size test
- Formal operational (12yrs+): critical thinking skills/problem solving skills
What’s Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?
- Infancy: 0-2 yrs
- trust vs mistrust - Toddler: 2-3 yrs
-autonomy vs shame & doubt - Preschool: 4-6 yrs
-initiative vs guilt - Childhood: 7-12 yrs
-industry vs inferiority - Adolescence: 13-19 yrs
-identity vs role confusion - Young adulthood: 20s
-intimacy vs isolation - Middle adulthood: 30-50s
-Generativity vs stagnation - Old age: 60s and beyond
-integrity vs despair
What’s Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Stage 1:
Obedience/punishment
Self-interest
-Reward for lost dog
Stage 2:
Conformity and interpersonal accord
Authority and social order
-High school BLM
Stage 3:
Social contract
Universal principles
-MLK
What are the characteristics of classical conditioning?
- Unconditioned stimulus (US): stimulus that is not learned (fries)
- Unconditioned response (UR): response that’s not learned (salivating over fries)
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): stimulus that is learned (sound of treats for dogs)
- Conditioned response (CR): response that is learned (salivating over the sound of dog treat)
What are the characteristics of operant conditioning?
Starts with a voluntary behavior which leads to feedback
-positive reinforcement: increases behavior with addition of something good (studying because you want another A)
-negative reinforcement: increases behavior with subtraction of something bad (studying because you don’t want an F)
Ex: rewarding for getting good grades
Punishment: decreases behavior but can be good or bad (getting hit as a kid)
Extinction: desensitized/no longer feel towards a stimulus
What’s the difference between discrimination and generalization?
Discrimination: activate stimuli; pair only one thing with response
-ex: sound of a bell to feed dogs
Generalization: pair different sounds to different things
-ex: sound of different types of bells to feed dogs different things
What’s the difference between extinction and spontaneous recovery?
Extinction: desensitized/no reaction to stimulus anymore
-ex: ring bell without food
Spontaneous recovery: bring it back and pair it, it will have a condition response
-ex: reactivates pattern
What’s the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
Primary: meets biological needs (food, water, sex)
Secondary: does not meet biological needs (money, attention)
What are the schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed interval: lowest response rate
-Rewards behavior after set periods of time (payday)
Variable interval: high response rate
-Rewards behavior after not knowing when (pop quizzes)
Fixed ratio: higher response rate
-Rewards after x amount of times (car salesman)
Variable ratio: highest response rate
-Rewards after random but knows there’s a chance (gambling)
What are the types of punishment?
Positive punishment: receiving a ticket for speeding
Negative punishment: getting license taken away for speeding
What’s the cognitive theory of learning?
Behavioral perspective: focuses on observable changes (external)
-ex: telling dog to sit
Cognitive perspective: focuses on mental processes to learn (internal)
-ex: subconsciously learning to be a parent
What’s the process of memory?
- Encoding
-processing information to store in brain - Storage
-maintain information in the brain - Retrieval
-access information in the brain
What’s the capacity of different types of memory?
Sensory: 3-4 items
Short-term: 7-9 items
Long-term: unlimited
What is Elizabeth Loftus’ theory of memory?
Facts, ideas, and suggestions can modify our memories
What’s the semantic memory system?
Type of long term memory; permanent knowledge
Facts and knowledge
(ABCs)
What’s the episodic memory system?
Type of long-term memory
Experienced events
(Usually in order; elementary teachers)
What’s the procedural memory system?
Type of implicit memory that involves learning motor skills and behavioral habits; unexplainable knowledge how to do things
Ex: driving and following rules or riding a bike
Linked to cerebellum
What’s context-dependent memory?
Memories based off of physical location, odors, and background music
Whats state-dependent memory?
Allows us to retrieve memories that occurred when in a physiological or psychological state is similar to current state
Whats misattribution and flashbulb memory?
Misattribution: misremember the time, place, person, or circumstance of a memory
Flashbulb memory: vivid memories
Ex: kobe death
What is sudden insight?
When something finally clicks
-like a lightbulb
What are the 2 types of long-term memories?
- Declarative (explicit): “knowing that”
Easier to retain and forget
-memorize information - Non-declarative (implicit): “knowing how”
Harder to retain and forget
-perform skills without recalling
How do you encode memories?
Maintenance rehearsal: repeating something over and over
Elaborative rehearsal: attach meaning to visual, auditory, or semantic (meaning)
