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BI 122 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Lymphatic system

A

Immunity (transport WBC, pathogens to L nodes, production of antibodies, destruction of pathogens. Interstitial fluid return. Transport fat from small intestine to veins

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2
Q

Lymphatic Heirarchy

A

lyphatic capillaries- L. vessels- L node- L vessel- L trunk- L duct- subclavian veins

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3
Q

Function of L capillaries

A

collect interstitial fluid.

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4
Q

Lymph Vessels

A

Same tunic anatomy as veins
Contain semi lunar valves
Periodic lymph nodes

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5
Q

Lymph Trunks

A

Same tunic anatomy as veins
collect lymph from L vessels

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6
Q

Lymph Ducts

A

same tunic anatomy as veins
collect lymph from L trunks
Both ducts dumph into subclaian veins

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7
Q

How is the dermis connected to the Lymphatic system

A

any break in the dermis allows entry into the L system (many L cappilaries) e.g. bee stings, spider bites

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8
Q

Lymph Glands

A

destroys pathogens
house up number dividing and mature lymphocytes and macrophates
located along L pathways

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9
Q

Swollen Glands

A

Cervical nodes become enlarged with a throat or respiratory infection

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10
Q

Sentinel lymph nodes

A

First node in line to drain tumor… Should therefore be the first to receive cells from metastisizng cancer.

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11
Q

Elephantiasis (lymphedema)

A

Obstruction of the lymph nodes caused by nematode worms, tumors or infection and results in tissue edema and collagen fiber formation

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12
Q

Lymph formation

A

Blood capillary filtration pushes plasma into interstitial spaces and then I to lymph capillaries

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13
Q

Lymph flow

A

Skeletal muscle contraction in limbs
Contraction of respiratory muscles and abdominal viscera
Smooth muscle contraction in large lymph vessels and trunks

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14
Q

Lymph edema

A

If interstitial fluid accumulation exceeds it’s movement into lymph capillaries

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15
Q

Thymus

A

func: maturation of T lymphocytes from red marrow
Shrinks post-puberty then partially replaced by CT in elderly.

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16
Q

Spleen

A
  1. Filter blood in same manner as nodes filter lymph.
    Destroy:
    old RBC via capillary channels
    cellular debris via macrophages
    pathogens via lymphocytes and macrophages
  2. Hemopoesis in fetus
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17
Q

Tonsils

A

Unencapsulated lymph tissue
func: gather and remove inhaled and ingested pathogens…. bacteria attacked by dense concentrations of lymphocytes.

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18
Q

Tonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils

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19
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

(aggregated lymphoid nodules)
located in ileum
func: gather and remove ingested pathogens

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20
Q

appendix

A

func: gather and remoe ingested pathogens

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21
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix usually resulting from bacterial infection

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22
Q

two lymphatic responses to pathogens

A

nonspecific defens and specific defense

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23
Q

nonspecific defense

A

defense mechanism same and regardless of type of pathogen (phgocytosis, fever, inflammation)

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24
Q

specific defens

A

defense is directed at specific antigen (blood antigen, immunizations)

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25
Q

Types of Nonspecifc Defenses

A

(not all listed are part of lymphatic system)
1. species resistance
2. mechanical barriers
3. chemical barriers
4. fever
5. inflammation
6. phagocytosis

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26
Q

Species resistance

A

entire species is resistant to a group of pathogens

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27
Q

alteration of species resistance

A

the evolution of new pathogen variants (avian flu)

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28
Q

zoonosis

A

a disease that can be transmitted from non-human animals to humans (avian flu, swine flu, coid, chicken pox, hiv)

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29
Q

mechanical barries

A
  1. integument- hard to penetrate and slough off carrying pathogens
  2. mucous membranes- carries pathogens in mucous to digestive systme (nose)
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30
Q

chemical barriers

A

(complement proteins)
1. interferons- produced by virus infected cells that interfere with replication of virus in other cells. (increase phagocytosis and decrease tumor growth)
2. defensins- produced by granulocytes. Punch holes in bacteria membranes and cell walls
3. collectins- detect sublte differences in non self antigens then bind to surface making cells more obvious to phagocytes
4. misc chemicals- not complement proteins

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31
Q

fever

A

acion:
1. lymphocyte secretions cause hypothalamus to raise body temp
2. increase temp causes liver and spleen to retain Fe.
3. bacteria and fungi unable to reproduce without iron.
4.increase temp. increased phagocytosis
5. high temps denature pathogen proteins

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32
Q

inflammation

A

localized swelling, redness and heat

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33
Q

phagocytosis

A

removal of cells and debris by phagocytes

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34
Q

specific defenses

A

immunity- resistance to a particular pathogen or its toxins (immune response resulte of lymphoctyes and macrophages recognizing non-self/foreign antigens)

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35
Q

T cells

A

formed in red marrow and mature in thymus. reside in lymphatic organs

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36
Q

helper t

A

mobilize immune response against pathogens by activation b cells

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37
Q

memory t

A

t cells that docked with foreign antigen ain previous infection
func: prepare system for rapid response to reinfection

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38
Q

cytotoxic t

A

when activated, destroys cancerous and virus infected cells by destroying membrane

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39
Q

natural killer t

A

attack cancerous and virus infected cells. Do not require foreign antigen for stiumlus. Always on patrol in blood and lymph

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40
Q

B cells

A

formed and mature in red marrow. Reside in lymphatic organs

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41
Q

B plasma cells

A

prduce antibodies for defense

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42
Q

memory b

A

cells that did not differentiate into plasma cells during a previous infection
func: prepare systme for rapid response to reinfection

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43
Q

Immune response to foreign antigens

A
  1. macrophages engulf foreing cell and display foreign antigens on its own membrane.
    … macrophages travel to lymph nodes to activate helper t.. are a type of antigen presenting cell…
  2. helper t doc with macrophage displayed foreign antigen, release cytokines that stiumlate B cells to reproduce
    3.B cells produce clones that release antibodies that mimc b cell antigen receptors
  3. antibodies dock with foreign antigens and trigger destruction of cell
  4. some b and t cells turn into memory b and t cells and awat future infection
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44
Q

polyclonal immune response

A

pathogens may have multiple forms of antigens: multiple forms of antibodies may attack them

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45
Q

humoral immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)

A

production of antibodies to fight pathogens

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46
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

destruction of pathogens by direct cellular activity

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47
Q

myeloma

A

cancer of plasma b cells. Mutant plasma b cells build up in the marrow producing over crowding and a decrease in RBC and they also produce an abnormal antibdy which causes renal failure. Multiple meloma manifests in bones and soft tissues

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48
Q

forms of humoral immune response

A

primary and secondary

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49
Q

primary humoral immune respons

A

activation of immune response upon initial exposer to a particular pathogen
1. 5-10 days to prduce antibodies
2. antibodies last several months

50
Q

secondar humoral immune response

A

activation of immune response upon repeated exposure to the same pathogen.
1. goverened by memory t and b cells
2. 1-2 days to produce antibodies
3. produces more antibodies then primary response

51
Q

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

A

Long term resistance to pathogens due to initial natural exposure e.g. mumps, measles, chicken pox

52
Q

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

A

Short-term immunity (month- 1 yr.) provided to fetus via transfer of maternal anitbodies in utero or in colostrum

53
Q

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

A

Long term resistance to pathogen due to artificial exposure e.g. vaccines

54
Q

Vaccines

A

contain pathogen antigens and or other parts and are designed to stimulate and moderate immune response and production of antibodies and memory cells.

55
Q

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

A

Short-term (sev. weeks) immunity due to infused antibodies e.g. gammaglobulin

56
Q

efficacy

A

ability to produce desired results (vaccines 80-90%)

57
Q

Herd Immunity

A

vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides protection for those not vaccinated due to interruption of disease transmission between susceptible hosts

58
Q

HIV

A

reproduces in Helper T cells resulting in their death and compromise of immune system

59
Q

Antibody Actions : Attachment

A

Attach to antigen causing:
1. agglutination
2. Precipitation
3. Neutralization- toxic portions of antigen molecule covered: neutralized

60
Q

Anitibody Actions: complement Enzyme Activation

A

complement- group of proteins in plasma and fluids that are activated by antibodies that have docked with antigens
func- destroy pathogens

61
Q

Action of Complement Proteins

A
  1. attract phagocytes
  2. agglutination
  3. rupturing membranes e.g. defensins
  4. inactive viruses e.g. interferons
  5. coat antibody-antigen complex: increase phagocytosis efficiency: collectins
  6. inflammation
62
Q

Newborn antibodies

A

newborns receive antibodies from the mother via the placenta and additional antibodies from the breast secreted colostrum

63
Q

Allergic reactions

A

immune response against non-lethal substance (allergens)

64
Q

immediate allergic reaction

A

anaphylaxic
rapid over-reaction to antigen/toxin including vasodilation adn bronchial constriction and inflammation response
e.g. hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema
due to overproduction of antibodies in response to antigens and subsequent release of histamines and heparin from mast cells

65
Q

delayed allergic reaction

A

results from repeated exposure of skin to chemicals
e.g. latx, cosmetics, cleaners

66
Q

complementary food

A

intentinally introducing peanuts, eggs, fish, at 4-6 months as complementary food to avoid allergic responses to these foods as well as asthma

67
Q

vaginal bacteria

A

transfer viginal bacteria to the face and body of newborns delivered via cesarean section decreases exposure to such diseases as asthma, celiac disease and obesity

68
Q

tissue transplants

A

foreign antigens initiate immune response so must find donor with most similar antigens to reduce tissue rejection and reaction and use of immuno suppressant drugs

69
Q

isograft

A

tissue from identical twin

70
Q

autograft

A

tissue from own body

71
Q

allograft

A

tissue from other human

72
Q

xenograft

A

tissue from other species

73
Q

autoimmunity

A

failure to recognize self antigens and production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells to attack own cells

74
Q

HIV

A

retrovirus- uses RNA as genetic code instead of DNA

75
Q

Aids infection Progression

A
  1. enters cell via receptor mediated endocytosis
  2. moves through cells via transcytosis and resides in macrophages
  3. infection spreads to Helper T cells
  4. HIV RNA transcrived into DNA, enters host nucleus and replicates
  5. new viral bodies fill host cell, break through membrane killing host cell
  6. HIVe Spreads to new Helper T cells: decrease population: preventing B cell activation and antibody production
  7. pathogens invade and are unchallenged by a antibody mediated response resulting in disease progression
76
Q

HIV Mutation

A

viruses and bacteria mutate rapidly since they do not contain paired chromosomes
1. mutants evolve within days of infection
2. mutants able to invade cytotoxic t cells
3. 1-5 billion HIV particles produced a day in patient with AIDS: increase number of mutation

77
Q

Life Span Changes (Lymphatic)

A
  1. thymus gland shrinks post adolescence
  2. T and B cell number remain almost the same
  3. immune reaction time decrease
  4. autoimmunity events increase
78
Q

Respiratory System Function

A
  1. deliver oxygen to tissues (for aerobic cellular respiration)
  2. remove carbon dioxide from tissues
  3. regulatingof blood pH
  4. expel toxins
  5. produce sounds
  6. thermoregulation
79
Q

Nose and nasal cavity (URT) Function

A

1.entrance for air
2. filter air via hairs
3. moisten and warms incoming air
3. dehumidifies exhaled air
4. trap particles in mucus: decrease resp infections
5.olfactory receptors

80
Q

smokers cough

A

smoking slows movement of cilia, eventually paralyzing and destroying them: mucus expelled via smokers cough
smoking increase mucus production: mucus removal problems increase and smokers cough increases

81
Q

Nose and nasal cavity Components

A
  1. ciliated pseudostratiified columnar cells with increase number of goblet cells
  2. septum- fleshy partition with cartilage between nares, increase surface area of mucous membranes
  3. conchae- increase surface area of mucous membranes
82
Q

deviated septum

A

septum is deviated to one side of nasalpassage air flow is restricted and voice is altered

83
Q

Sinuses (URT)

A

empty into nasal cavity
1. increase surface area of mucous membranes
2. resonance chamber

84
Q

sinustis

A

inflammation of the sinus membranes resulting in pressure and headache

85
Q

pharynx (URT)

A
  1. common passageway for air, food and water
  2. production of sound
86
Q

larynx (LRT)

A
  1. produce sounds via vocal cords
  2. prevent entrance of food and water into trachea (aspiration) via epiglottis
87
Q

Larynx cartilages

A

maintain larynx lumen

88
Q

larynx- epiglottis

A

prevents aspiration, swallowing raises larynx against tongue base closing epiglottis

89
Q

epiglottitis

A

inflammation of epiglottis that can result in asphyxiation- need tracheostomy will re establish airway

90
Q

vocal folds

A

false- close during swallowing to prevent aspiration, when relaxed form opening called glottis
true- vibrate to produce sound

91
Q

trachea

A
  1. conduct air to and from lungs
  2. trap particles in mucus
  3. ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelim with higher nubmer goblet cells to move particles up to phaynx
92
Q

tracheal cartilage

A

maintain lumen of trachea

93
Q

bronchial tree

A

conduct air to and from lungs

94
Q

bronchus

A

increasingly smaller air passageways branching from trachea. Tracheal rings replaced by cartilage plates until smallest bronchioles when replaced by smooth muscle and increase number elastic fibers

95
Q

bronchitis

A

inflimmation of bronchioles caused by pathogens or allergens

96
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disease results in overproduction of sticky thick mucus that accumulates in the smaller bronchioles inviting bacterial infection

97
Q

bronchial asthma

A

reaction to allergens causing bronchioconstrictions in lower tree. Results in ventilation difficulty especially for exhaling since it is a passive process

98
Q

aveolar ducts

A

interface between bronchi and alveolar sacs

99
Q

aveolar sacs

A

multi lobed expansions of alveolar ducts

100
Q

aveolus

A

individual lobed expansions of the sacs. Simple squamous epithelium. Actual site of gas exchange via the repiratory membrane

101
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

any condition that obstructs air flow into/out of the alvoli is
e.g. emphysema, chronic bronchitis (barreled chest)

102
Q

pneumonia

A

accumulation of fluid and wbc in the alveoli as a result of increased permeability of the resp membrane due to pathology. Result in decreased gas exchange

103
Q

Lungs

A
  1. bronchial tree
  2. blood vessels
  3. lymphatic vessels
  4. nerves
  5. pleural membranes- both serous membranes. Parietal and visceral, potentail space = pleural cavity
104
Q

pneumothorax

A

air enters pleural space (due to lung or chest wall puncture) the lung is compressed with each breath

105
Q

tuberculosis

A

bacterial lung infection that results in fibrous tubercles being produced around bacteria. as fibers increase gas exchange decreases

106
Q

Effects of smoking on resp sys

A
  1. paralyze cilia
  2. increase mucus production
  3. smokers cough
  4. bronchioles thicken, lose elasticity: cannont absorb increase pressure of coughing: pressure transferred to alveoli
  5. increase pressure from coughing ruptures respiratory membranes resulting in emphysema
  6. alveoli capillary networks decrease
  7. bronchial epithelial cells may become cancerous and metastasize
  8. chronic resp irritation increse number respiratory infections
  9. olfaction and gustation ability decrease
107
Q

Oxygen transport

A
  1. bond to hemoglobin
  2. released from hemoglobin to tissues due to decrease pressure oxygen in tissues. Not all oxygen is released
  3. carbon dioxide released from tissuesto blod due to increased pressure carbon dioxide in tissues
108
Q

CO2 transport

A
  1. hemoglobin
  2. plasma- forms H2CO3
  3. bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
109
Q

altitude sickness

A

results when the atmospheric pressure of oxygen decreases= flistration of O2 into blood decreases causing hypoxia, headaches, disorientation and death

110
Q

atmospheric composition

A

78% N
21% O2
misc gases

111
Q

Ventilation cycle

A

1, stimulus from phrenic and costal nerves
2. diaphragm contracts and moves down
3. external intercostals contract and raise chest and the parietal and visceral pleura causing lungs to expand
4. pulmonary pressure decrease , air flows into lungs
5. phrenic and costal nerves stops stimulation, diaphragm and external intercostals relax, internal intercostals contract
6. recoil of bronchioles, lungs and abdominal organs increase pulmonary pressure forcing air out

112
Q

coughing

A

glottis closed prior to cough, removes irritants from lower rep tract

113
Q

sneeze

A

uvula directs air through nasals, removes irritant from upper reps tract

114
Q

laughing/crying

A

breath followed by series of rapid expierations
expresses emotion

115
Q

hiccups

A

spasm of diaphragm

116
Q

yawning

A

occasional deep breath triggered by dicreased O2????

117
Q

speech

A

air forced through larynx
produce sound

118
Q

control of breathing

A

respiratory center in pons and medulla controls breathing with additional signals from peripheral chemoreceptors

119
Q

Blood pH Homeostasis

A
  1. CO2 + H2O= H2CO3 results lower blood pH
  2. H2CO3=H+ + HCO3-
    H+ binds with hemoglobin to work as a pH buffer: does not lower blood pH
120
Q

stimulus for breathing

A
  1. increase blood CO2 and decrease pH- chemosensitive arease of respiratory center in medulla stimulated: increase ventilation
  2. decrease blood oxygen- chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies stimulated: increase ventilation
  3. stretch receptors stimulated: decrease ventilation to prevent tissue tearing
121
Q

Hyperventilation

A

decrease carbon dioxide, increases pH causing vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles: hypoxia and fainting

122
Q

life span changes (resp)

A
  1. # cilia decrease
  2. mucus thickens
  3. macrophages decrease efficiency
  4. sternal and intercostal cartilages thicken
    5.bronchiles loose elasticity and increase fibers
  5. # alveoli decrease
  6. alveoli increase fibers decrease elasticity

BI 122 (4 decks)

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