UNIT 2 Flashcards
is the way people experience and express themselves sexually
Human sexuality
Human sexuality involves
biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors.
largely concern the human reproductive functions, including the human sexual response cycle.
The biological and physical aspects of sexuality
is their pattern of sexual interest in the opposite or same sex.
sexual orientation
include bonds between individuals that are expressed through profound feelings or physical manifestations of love, trust, and care.
Physical and emotional aspects of sexuality
deal with the effects of human society on one’s sexuality,
Social aspects
concerns an individual’s spiritual connection with others.
spirituality
also affects and is affected by cultural, political, legal, philosophical, moral, ethical, and religious aspects of life
Sexuality
Under the Family Code of the Philippines (FC), ____ is defined as a special contact of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life
marriage
It is the foundation of the family and inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation,
Marriage
Essential Requisites and Formal Requisites in Marriage
* Essential requisites:
Legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female
Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer.
Essential Requisites and Formal Requisites in Marriage
* Formal requisites:
A valid marriage license except in marriage of exceptional circumstances
A marriage ceremony which takes place with the appearance of the contracting parties before the solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that they take each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than 2 witnesses of legal age.
Parental consent is necessary when the contracting parties are between the ages of ___ years of age
18-21
Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife
Personal obligations of the spouses to each other:
- Live together
- To observe mutual love, respect and fidelity
- To render mutual help and support
is sexual activity between two people who are not married to each other.
Premarital sex
is sex occurring outside marriage, usually referring to when a married person engages in sexual activity with someone other than their marriage partner.
Extramarital sex
Commonly there are moral as well as religious objections to sexual relationships by a married person outside the marriage, and such activity is often referred to in law or religion as
adultery
is the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse
Contraception
The major forms of artificial contraception are
barrier methods
barrier methods, of which the most common is the
condom
which contains synthetic sex hormones that prevent ovulation in the female;
the contraceptive pill,
which prevent the fertilized ovum from implanting in the uterus; and male or female sterilization.
intrauterine devices, such as the coil,
Those who say contraception is morally wrong do so for a variety of reasons.
1. Contraception is inherently wrong
Contraception is unnatural
Contraception is anti-life
Contraception is a form of abortion
Contraception separates sex from reproduction
- Contraception brings bad consequences
These are consequentialist arguments against contraception.
(consequentialism is the doctrine that the morality of an action is to be judged solely by its consequences)
Contraception carries health risks
The “contraceptive culture” is dangerous
Contraception prevents potential human beings being conceived
Contraception prevents people who might benefit humanity from being born
Contraception can be used as a eugenic (selection of desired heritable characteristics in order to improve future generations) tool
Contraception is often misused in mass population control programs in a racist way
Mass population control programs can be a form of cultural imperialism or a misuse of power
Contraception may lead to depopulation
- Contraception leads to “immoral behavior”
Contraception makes it easier for people to have sex outside marriage
Contraception leads to widespread sexual immorality
Contraception allows people (even married people) to have sex purely for enjoyment
- Contraception is Anti-life
This argument is based on the premise that life is a good thing. Holders of this view argue that contraception is morally wrong because:
Life is a fundamental good - it is a good thing
Those who use contraception are engaged in an intentionally “anti-life” act because they intend to prevent a new life coming into being
They therefore have a bad intention
It is always morally wrong to do something with a bad intention
- Contraception is a Form of Abortion
Some birth control techniques can operate by preventing the implantation and development of a fertilized egg.
Those opposed to such methods say that this amounts to an abortion, and that if abortion is wrong then those forms of contraception must also be wrong.
The forms of contraception included in this objection are:
can prevent implantation of a fertilized egg, even though this is not the main way they work
Most modern birth control pills
b) The “morning-after” pill
This is also capable of operating by preventing implantation of a fertilized egg
This can operate by preventing implantation of a fertilized egg
c) The IUD
Contraception may damage the health of the individual using it in two ways; either through side effects of the contraceptive or because using contraception allows people to have more sexual partners and thus increases the possibility of catching a sexually transmitted disease.
- Contraception Carries Health Risks
- Side Effects of Contraception
Some forms of contraception do have side effects that damage health while others have not been shown to have health risks.
Users considering a particular form of birth control should:
make sure they are aware of its risks
compare those risks to the risks of other forms of contraception
compare those risks to the risks that go with having a baby
take an informed decision based on that information
This is probably not an ethical objection to contraception itself, although it does involve the ethical issue of informed consent to medical treatment.
This is certainly true, since sexual intercourse without contraception carries a significant risk of conceiving a child, which most of those having sex outside marriage would regard as a deterrent.
- Contraception makes it easier for people to have sex outside marriage
People think separating sex from marriage is wrong because:
It makes immoral behavior less risky
It undermines public morality by making it more likely that people will have sex outside marriage
It weakens the family
is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female’s cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse.
Artificial insemination
The Beneficiaries of Artificial Insemination
- Are women who desire to give birth to their own child who may be single, women who are in a lesbian relationship
- Women who are in a heterosexual relationship but with a male partner who is infertile or who has a physical impairment which prevents full intercourse from taking place.
Preparations Artificial Insemination
hours from the release of the ovum. To increase the chance of success, the woman’s menstrual cycle is closely observed, often using ovulation kits, ultrasounds or blood tests, such as basal body temperature tests over, noting the color and texture of the vaginal mucus, and the softness of the nose of her cervix. To improve the success rate of AI, drugs to create a stimulated cycle may be used, but the use of such drugs also results in an increased chance of a multiple birth.
Pre- and post-concentration of motile sperm is counted. Sperm from a sperm bank will be frozen and quarantined for a period, and the donor will be tested before and after production of the sample to ensure that he does not carry a transmissible disease. For fresh shipping, a semen extender is used.
If sperm is provided by a private donor, either directly or through a sperm agency, it is usually supplied fresh, not frozen, and it will not be quarantined. Donor sperm provided in this way may be given directly to the recipient woman or her partner, or it may be transported in specially insulated containers. Some donors have their own freezing apparatus to freeze and store their sperm.
T OR F
The risk of conceiving twins or triplets increases if a woman receives IUI at the same time as other fertility medication, such as gonadotrophin. A pregnancy with more than one fetus increases the chances of complications, such as premature birth or miscarriage.
TRUE
can the ovaries to swell after combining fertility medication and IUI. It is rare, and symptoms are usually mild-to-moderate, but it can sometimes have serious complications.
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
symptoms include bloating, slight abdominal pain, and possibly nausea and vomiting.
In mild cases of OHSS,
may feature dehydration, chest pain and shortness of breath.
More severe cases
is a complex series of procedures used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs (embryos) are transferred to a uterus.
During IVF,
One full cycle of IVF takes about ____ Sometimes these steps are split into different parts and the process can take longer.
three weeks.
IVF may be an option if you or your partner has:
- Fallopian tube damage or blockage.
- Ovulation disorders.
- Endometriosis.
- Uterine fibroids.
- Previous tubal sterilization or removal.
- Impaired sperm production or function.
- Unexplained infertility.
- A genetic disorder.
- Fertility preservation for cancer or other health conditions.
makes it difficult for an egg to be fertilized or for an embryo to travel to the uterus.
- Fallopian tube damage or blockage. Fallopian tube damage or blockage
. If ovulation is infrequent or absent, fewer eggs are available for fertilization.
- Ovulation disorders
occurs when the uterine tissue implants and grows outside of the uterus — often affecting the function of the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes.
Endometriosis
are benign tumors in the wall of the uterus and are common in women in their 30s and 40s. Fibroids can interfere with implantation of the fertilized egg.
Fibroids
If you’ve had ___— a type of sterilization in which your fallopian tubes are cut or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy — and want to conceive, IVF may be an alternative to tubal ligation reversal.
tubal ligation
Below-average sperm concentration, weak movement of sperm (poor mobility), or abnormalities in sperm size and shape can make it difficult for sperm to fertilize an egg. If semen abnormalities are found, your partner might need to see a specialist to determine if there are correctable problems or underlying health concerns.
- Impaired sperm production or function.
means no cause of infertility has been found despite evaluation for common causes.
Unexplained infertility
If you or your partner is at risk of passing on a genetic disorder to your child, you may be candidates for _____ — a procedure that involves IVF. After the eggs are harvested and fertilized, they’re screened for certain genetic problems, although not all genetic problems can be found. Embryos that don’t contain identified problems can be transferred to the uterus.
preimplantation genetic testing
If you or your partner is at risk of passing on a genetic disorder to your child, you may be candidates for preimplantation genetic testing — a procedure that involves IVF. After the eggs are harvested and fertilized, they’re screened for certain genetic problems, although not all genetic problems can be found. Embryos that don’t contain identified problems can be transferred to the uterus.
- A genetic disorder.
If you’re about to start cancer treatment — such as radiation or chemotherapy — that could harm your fertility, IVF for fertility preservation may be an option. Women can have eggs harvested from their ovaries and frozen in an unfertilized state for later use. Or the eggs can be fertilized and frozen as embryos for future use.
- Fertility preservation for cancer or other health conditions.
IVF increases the risk of multiple births if more than one embryo is transferred to your uterus. A pregnancy with multiple fetuses carries a higher risk of early labor and low birth weight than pregnancy with a single fetus does.
- Multiple births
Research suggests that IVF slightly increases the risk that the baby will be born early or with a low birth weight.
- Premature delivery and low birth weight.
to induce ovulation can cause ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, in which your ovaries become swollen and painful.
- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Use of injectable fertility drugs, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG),
The rate of miscarriage for women who conceive using IVF with fresh embryos is similar to that of women who conceive naturally — about 15% to 25% — but the rate increases with maternal age.
- Miscarriage.
Use of an aspirating needle to collect eggs could possibly cause bleeding, infection or damage to the bowel, bladder or a blood vessel. Risks are also associated with sedation and general anesthesia, if used.
- Egg-retrieval procedure complications.
. About 2% to 5% of women who use IVF will have an ectopic pregnancy — when the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. The fertilized egg can’t survive outside the uterus, and there’s no way to continue the pregnancy.
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Although some early studies suggested there may be a link between certain medications used to stimulate egg growth and the development of a specific type of ovarian tumor, more-recent studies do not support these findings. There does not appear to be a significantly increased risk of breast, endometrial, cervical or ovarian cancer after IVF.
Cancer.
Use of IVF can be financially, physically and emotionally draining. Support from counselors, family and friends can help you and your partner through the ups and downs of infertility treatment.
- Stress.
Risks of IVF include:
- Multiple births.
- Premature delivery and low birth weight.
- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
- Symptoms typically last a week and include mild abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. If you become pregnant, however, your symptoms might last several weeks. Rarely, it’s possible to develop a more severe form of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome that can also cause rapid weight gain and shortness of breath.
- Miscarriage.
- Egg-retrieval procedure complications.
- Ectopic pregnancy.
- Birth defects.
- Cancer.
- Stress.
The chances of giving birth to a healthy baby after using IVF depend on various factors, including:
- Maternal age.
- Embryo status.
- Reproductive history.
- Cause of infertility.
- Lifestyle factors.
. The younger you are, the more likely you are to get pregnant and give birth to a healthy baby using your own eggs during IVF. Women age 41 and older are often counseled to consider using donor eggs during IVF to increase the chances of success.
- Maternal age
Transfer of embryos that are more developed is associated with higher pregnancy rates compared with less-developed embryos (day two or three). However, not all embryos survive the development process. Talk with your doctor or other care provider about your specific situation.
- Embryo status.
- Women who’ve previously given birth are more likely to be able to get pregnant using IVF than are women who’ve never given birth. Success rates are lower for women who’ve previously used IVF multiple times but didn’t get pregnant.
Reproductive history.
. Having a normal supply of eggs increases your chances of being able to get pregnant using IVF. Women who have severe endometriosis are less likely to be able to get pregnant using IVF than are women who have unexplained infertility.
- Cause of infertility
Women who smoke typically have fewer eggs retrieved during IVF and may miscarry more often. Smoking can lower a woman’s chance of success using IVF by 50%. Obesity can decrease your chances of getting pregnant and having a baby. Use of alcohol, recreational drugs, excessive caffeine and certain medications also can be harmful.
- Lifestyle factors.
There are several moral issues with in vitro.
First of all, the child is created outside the womb by human devices as a sperm and a harvested egg are combined.
Second, many children (embryos) are created and some are frozen for later use while several are placed in the mother’s womb. The survival for these embryos is low, sometimes quoted around 25%. So in essence, multiple children are created, knowing that most of them will not live. Some physicians only place 2-3 embryos in the mother, hoping that one or all of them will survive. Other physicians place more embryos in the mother, and if too many live, they then abort the “extras” and leave a more “manageable” number of embryos in the womb.
The frozen embryos have an uncertain fate. Some of them remain frozen for an inestimable period of time, children that have been created and then frozen! Does it seem right to create life and then leave it? Some of the frozen embryos may be thawed later for a repeat cycle of IVF, and most do not survive. In some cases, embryos are donated to other couples or some may be donated for research (i.e.: killing them in the name of scientific study).
The overall problem with IVF is that it destroys life as it creates life. Meaning, the chance of one child surviving carries with it the necessity of many other children (embryos) having been created and then dying. So for the one surviving child, many other children have been given life (combining sperm and egg) with the knowledge that most of them won’t make it.
