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Human Development > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Embryo?

A

A zygote that is completely embedded in the uterine wall.

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2
Q

How long does an embryo last?

A

3-8 weeks.

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3
Q

What is amniotic fluid?

A

Responsible for cushioning the embryo and maintaining temperature.

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4
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

A tube that provides blood, nutrients, and oxygen, and allows waste to be exchanged.

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5
Q

How much longer before the due date do babies have to be born to be considered premature?

A

3 weeks earlier than estimated time.

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6
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Harmful agents that cause abnormal prenatal development.

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7
Q

What are the chronological stages of a baby developing in the uterus?

A

Fertilization, Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period, and Fetus.

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8
Q

What is the fertilization stage?

A

When the sperm goes into the egg.

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9
Q

How long does the Germinal Period stage last?

A

First 2 weeks after fertilization,

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10
Q

What is a Zygote?

A

This is the fertilized egg during the first 2 periods.

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11
Q

What is the Embryonic Period?

A

The period when the embryo forms.

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12
Q

When does the Fetal Period begin?

A

It begins 2 months after conception.

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13
Q

How long does a fetus last?

A

9-38 weeks.

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14
Q

What is the sucking reflex?

A

The reflex to automatically put things in the mouth (important to get nourishment),
disappears after 3-4 months.

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15
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

The reflex to move their body to where they face felt a sensation (to help get something to suck),
disappear after 3-4 weeks.

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16
Q

What is the moro reflex?

A

The reflex response to being startled occurs in response to sudden intense movements or noise, disappears after 3-4 months.

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17
Q

What is sensation development the result of?

A

The result of a mixture of action & movements.

18
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Gross motor skills involve large muscle activities. (milestones can vary as much from
2-4 months)

19
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Fine motor skills involves in more finely tuned movements. (usually starts to appear around the 2 age mark)

20
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

Responsible for receiving and processing visual information (light, colour, movement).

21
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

Responsible for receiving and processing sensory information (pain, pressure, touch).
Able to understand the body’s position in space,
Interpretation of language and words,

22
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

Responsible for Memory creation, memory storage, emotions, organization, sequencing and hearing.
Wernicke’s Area → language

23
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

Still develops until young adulthood
Responsible for complex problems, reasoning, judgment, decision making, planning, personality, language formation (Broca’s area), body movement and self-awareness
Language formation (Broca’s area)
Body movement

24
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

Responsible for involuntary actions, such as heartbeat and breathing.

25
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Responsible for all physical movement, driving, throw a ball, walking across a room, eye movement and vision.

26
Q

What happens in the first year of a child’s life?

A
  • Recognize faces, preference of objects, happy and sad expressions
  • Recognize voice/sound
  • Cerebellum triples in size→ contributes to rapid development of motor skills
  • Visual areas of the cortex grow- vision develops
  • Growth of hippocampus - related to recognition memory
    Frontal and temporal lobes consolidate→ related to language (infant can identify a foreign language)
27
Q

What happens in the second year of a child’s life?

A
  • Most dramatic changes are in the brain LANGUAGE areas
    Vocabulary explosion happens at this age
  • Increase in rate or myelination- helps brain perform higher complex tasks
    I.e. self awareness- more aware of their emotions and intentions, Recognize themselves in a mirror
28
Q

What happens in the third year of a child’s life?

A
  • Synaptic density of the prefrontal cortex
  • Complex cognitive abilities are improved
  • Children can use the past to interpret present events
  • Can better understand cause and effect
29
Q

What are the two types of traumatic brain injury?

A

Penetrating head injury and concussions.

30
Q

What are the impacts of TBI?

A
  • Slows mobility
  • Spasticity/ stifness of limbs
  • Paralysis
  • Sensory impairment
  • Epilepsies
31
Q

What are symptoms of CTE?

A
  • Depression
  • Serve mood swings
  • Dementia
32
Q

How does CTE lead to death?

A
  • Suicide for early stages
  • Dementia or parkinsons for late stages
33
Q

How to avoid CTE?

A
  • Reinforcement of more safer options
  • Changes in rules
  • Limiting of contact
  • Avoidance of the sport altogether
34
Q

What is Cellular Clock Theory?

A

Cells can divide a maximum of 75-80 times; this places the maximum human life span at 120–125 years of age.
Telomeres become shorter each time a cell divides.

35
Q

What is Free-Radical Theory?

A

People age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules, or free radicals. Free radicals damage DNA and other cellular structures.

36
Q

What is Mitochondrial Theory?

A

Aging is due to the decay of mitochondria. Mitochondria are tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair.

37
Q

What is Hormonal Stress Theory?

A

Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease. Prolonged, elevated levels of stress hormones are associated with increased risks for many diseases.

38
Q

What are some benefits of exercise?

A
  • Linked to increased longevity
  • Related to the prevention of common chronic diseases
    associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases
  • Can optimize body composition and reduce the decline in motor skills as aging occurs
  • Reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems
    Linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning
39
Q

What is an intersex person?

A

Someone born with both XX and XY chromosomes.
1/2000 people are born intersex.

40
Q

What is noninvasive prenatal testing?

A

This is a screening that can identifies fetal cells by the floating placenta in the blood
This is more effective at determining the babies sex.

41
Q

What are some impacts of intersex surgeries?

A
  • Have been linked to many physical and psychological injuries
  • Most surgeries done are cosmetic and unnecessary
  • Doctors use some pre-implantation testing to stop some intersex features to come out
42
Q

What are some impacts of intersex surgeries throughout life (physical/psychological)?

A
  • Scarring
  • Incontinence: lack of control of defecation (removing feces from bowels) or urination
  • Loss of sexual senation
  • Psychological trauma
  • Sterilization (can’t produce offspring)

Human Development (2 decks)

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