Human Development Exam Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics for development?
- Development is continuous
- Development in human beings is similar all over the world
- Development is sequential and builds on earlier development
- Development can be reversed
Development can be reversed.
______________________ believed that children were inherently good.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 types of development?
- Personal
- Moral
- Emotional
- Social
Personal.
The First stage of Erik Erikson’s eight stages of development is ______________________.
Trust vs. Mistrust.
According to Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs’ salivary glands, the ______________ on its own would represent the neutral stimulus.
Bell.
The ego defence mechanism that involves placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else is called __________________________.
Projection.
The ego defense mechanism that involves taking out impulses on a less threatening target is called ___________.
Displacement.
The last (4th) stage of Jean Piaget’s theory is the _____________________ Stage.
Concrete Operational.
Adler theorizes “a feeling of community, an orientation to live cooperatively with others, and a lifestyle that values the common good above one’s own interests and desires” is known as _____________________.
Social Interest.
Children are intrinsically motivated to learn and do not need rewards from adults to motivate learning.
Piaget.
Contains the norms and rules of society.
Superego.
Operates according to the pleasure principle.
Id.
The belief that the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain is the greatest goal of mankind.
Sigmund Freud.
An unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid.
Anxiety.
The father of Hedonism.
Epicurus.
This theorist held the view that children were like a blank tablet or tabula rasa.
John Locke.
Operates according to the reality principle.
Ego.
Stage of Sigmund Freud’s theory when a child develops an awareness of sex organs.
Genital.
This theorist used pigeons for his experiments.
B.F. Skinner.
A characteristic that reduces the negative impact of a risk factor.
Protective Factor.
The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties or adversity
Resiliency.
Believed that we need to meet each of the lower needs on the hierarchy (ranking).
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs.
According to Ivan Pavlov, conditioning is the process of learning association. (T/F)
True.
Jean Piaget came up with the concept of the Inferiority Complex. (T/F)
False.
In Albert Bandura’s experiments, only a few children copied the adult model. (T/F)
False.
According to Adler, the tasks of life are Friendship, Confidence, and Love. (T/F)
True.
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, “Esteem Needs” are comprised of ‘personal growth and fulfillment. (T/F)
True.
The last stage of Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of development is Integrity vs. Despair. (T/F)
True.
Which of the following are factors that influence human development?
- Social
- Economic
- Political
- Environmental
- All of the above
All of the above.
B.F. skinner believed that we are all born evil and we are moulded purely by our environment. (T/F)
False.
Albert Bandura was the first to look at television violence and its impact on children. (T/F)
True.
According to Freud, our id, ego, and superego are all unconscious motivators that drive our behaviour. (T/F)
True.
Dream therapy was a technique that Freud used to understand unconscious thoughts.
True.
More brain injuries occur from falls than motor accidents. (T/F)
True.
This part of the brain is responsible for comprehension, sound and speech.
Occiptal Lobe.
Which of the following is NOT a type of reflex for infants?
- The sucking reflex
- The moro reflex
- The grasping reflex
- The fighting reflex
The fighting reflex.
Which are the following is a teratogen?
- Stress
- Age
- Alcohol
- Xrays
- Mercury
- All of the Above
- None of the above
All of the Above.
At this age the cerebellum triples and there is an increase in motor movement.
Year 1.
Most surgeries done on intersex individuals are…
- Unnecessary
- Cosmetic
- Done without their consent
- Irreversible
- Done during infancy
Exercise is dangerous for people as they age, it contributes to risk of falls and injuries, and puts a burden on their heart health and lung capacity. (T/F)
False.
Which of the following are threats to physical development of teens…
- Lack of Sleep
- Drug Use
- Alcohol
- Inadequate Diet
- None of the Above
- All of the Above
All of the above.
Infants cannot hear sounds at birth, this is something that happens over time. (T/F)
False.
At what age will a baby start to utter it’s first words?
10-15 months.
What percent of the population over the age of 65 is legally deaf?
15%
Which theory states that prolonged elevated levels of cortisol (stress hormone) are associated with increase risk for many diseases?
Hormonal Stress Theory.
How do reflexes help infants in their development?
- Reflexes serve as important building blocks for motor activity
- Reflexes govern the newborn’s movements
- Reflexes act as survival mechanisms
A person who has injury to this part of the brain, will have a hard time reaching and grabbing things, understanding their place in a space, and figuring out how to move certain body parts.
Temporal Lobe.
Osteoporosis is common in adolescents due to the growth of their bones. (T/F)
False.
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Regulates and coordinate movement, posture and balance.
At this age children can begin to recognize themselves in the mirror and have more self awareness.
Year 2.
A set of cultural constructs describing characteristics that may historically be related to femininity, masculinity, or social norms is known as…
Gender.
A general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male is known as…
Intersex.
In the first _______ years, the brain will have __________ as many synapse as it will in adulthood.
3 / twice.
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Regulates memory create and memory storage and emotions.
The maximum number of years an individual can live is known as…
Lifespan
Which lobe of the cortex is responsible for controlling responses through reasoning, decision making, and planning?
Frontal lobe.
Which is the most common health concern for the aging population?
Arthritis.
The brain is split up into Left and Right hemisphere, only one hemisphere can be active a time, with languge processes the only left hemisphere will be active, with nonverbal tasks only the right hemisphere will be active. (T/F)
False.
Arthritis is…
an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems.
A baby born anytime before 3 weeks of the estimated due date is known as a…
Premature Baby.
The generation of new neurons throughout the life span is known as…
Neurogenesis.
This reflex occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched.
Rooting reflex.
Physical changes and sexual maturation is also known as…
Puberty.
CTE is a brain injury that occurs immediately after a major blow to the head, mainly through sports. (T/F)
False.
What are the two conditions needed to create neuroplasticity?
Repetition and Attention.
Gross motor skills involve…
Large muscle activities such as walking.
The ability for the brain to adapt through aging is known as…
Brain Plasticity.
Infants ability to understand where an object is once it has left their sight, and can infer where it should be when it comes back into their sight is known as…
Visual Expectations.
Why is Iron so important for the developing adolescent?
- Responsible for energy throughout the body
- As adolescents grow, so do their muscles, meaning they need more blood volume to their muscles to aid in growth
- Iron is found in the blood, therefore when adolescent females are on their period, they will lose a lot of iron
This part of the brain is not fully developed until early adulthood…
Frontal Lobe.
Major changes in development in language happen at this age as the child vocabulary significantly increases…
Year 2.
Teens are nice to their friends so they will be nice back to them in return. This is an example of _____________________ stage of moral development.
Individualism, Instrumental Purpose and Exchange.
A child is told to go clean their room or they will not get dessert that night. This is an example of _____________________ stage of moral development.
Punishment and Obedience Orientation.
According to Piaget _____________________ enable us to form a mental representation of the world – a way of organizing knowledge.
Schemas.
When existing knowledge does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation, this is known as ________________________.
Accomodation.
One of the best known of Kohlberg’s stories is called ___________________ as part of his theory was the,
The Heinz Dilemma.
The memory component in which individuals retain information for 15 to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal is known as ____________________.
Short term memory.
The ability to think in novel and unusual ways to come up with unique solutions to problems.
Creative thinking.
Children develop ways of thinking and understanding primarily through Social Interaction is a theory held by,
Vygostkys.
According to psychologist Jean Piaget, how many stages of cognitive development to children progress through?
4.
Gilligan’s theory around moral development revolved mainly around ________________.
The Care Perspective.
Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviours regarding standards of right and wrong.
Moral Development.
According to the film “The Secret Life of the Brain,” what encourages specialization or differentiation in the brain?
Experience.
According to Vygostky, this is an indicator of social competence in children.
Private speech.
According to Theory of Mind, children from 18 months - 3 years begin to understand which of the following mental states,
Perceptions, Desires and Emotions
Children identified who, according to tests, have a mental age considerably higher than their chronological age are known as…
Gifted.
Which of the following is NOT one of Gardners Eight frames of mind.
Emotional skills.
Intelligence tests are an efficient tool used to measure intelligence among several populations of people around the world. (T/F)
False.
Giving children structures to help support them stand, will teach them how to stand and walk on their own. This is an example of scaffolding. (T/F)
True.
Thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity is also known as divergent thinking. (T/F)
True.
Memory span decreases in adolescents and continues to slowly decrease through the aging process. (T/F)
False.
Chomsky’s LAD (language acquisition device) is a theoretical construct, not a physical part of the brain. (T/F)
True.
According to Vygostky, guided participation is not needed for children to learn new skills, instead their innate curiosity drives their learning. (T/F)
False.
Scaffolding is needed less at the beginning and more at the end as the new skills is getting mastered. (T/F)
False.
Infants begin to babble after about 3-5 months (T/F)
False.
According to the film “The Secret Life of the Brain,” language finds its home in the right cerebral hemisphere. (T/F)
False.
Recasting is rephrasing something the child has said in a different way. (T/F)
True.
Sensory Memory and Short Term Memory mean the same thing. (T/F)
False.
Selective attention is a skill that will help you recall information later. (T/F)
True.
Define an infant’s basic cry, angry cry, and pain cry.
- Basic–A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry followed by a brief silence, then a short high-pitched whistle, followed by a rest prior to another cry
- Anger–A variation of the basic cry with more excess air forced through the vocal cords
- Pain–Differs from the other cries, as it suddenly appears without preliminary moaning and followed by an extended period of breath holding
Define the types of smiles.
– A reflexive smile does not occur in response to external stimuli, but rather during irregular patterns of sleep.
– A social smile occurs in response to an external stimulus, usually a face. It does not occur until 2–3 months of age.
What is social referencing?
Social referencing involves “reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
What is temperment?
Temperament is an individual’s behavioural style and characteristic way of showing emotion.
What is goodness of fit?
Goodness of fit refers to the match between a child’s temperament and environmental demands the child must cope with.
What is proximity maintenance?
The desire to be near the people we are attached to.
What is a safe haven?
Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat.
What is a secure base?
The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment.
What is separation distress?
Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure.
