UNit 2 Flashcards
anatomical position?
standard position (standing straight, looking forward, arms at your side, and hands facing forward)
ANatomical relationships
Anterior / Posterior
Superior / Inferior
Medial / Lateral
Proximal / Distal
Anterior/ Posterior
Anterior refers to the front surfaces of the body.
Posterior refers to the back surfaces of the body
Superior / Inferior
Superior refers to upward surfaces
Inferior refers to downward surfaces
Medial / Lateral
Medial means towards the midline
Lateral means away from the midline
Proximal / Distal
Proximal means towards the point of attachment of the limb to the body
Distal means farther away from the point of attachment
Superficial/Deep
Superficial means on, or close to, the surface of the body
Deep means farther away from the surface of the body
what your body can be divided into?
Anatomical planes
Anatomical axes
Anatomical Planes
Frontal plane
The frontal (coronal) plane is vertical and extends from one side of the body to the other.
Transverse plane The transverse (horizontal) plane is horizontal and divides the body into upper and lower segments.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal (median) plane is vertical and extends from the front of the body to the back.
Anatomical Axes
Horizontal axis
The horizontal axis extends from one side of the body to the other.
Longitudinal axis The longitudinal axis (also known as the polar axis) is vertical, running from head to toe.
Antero-posterior axis
The antero-posterior
axis extends from the front of the body to the back.
Circumduction
is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., when a softball pitcher throws a ball with a “windmill” action).
Protraction
refers to moving an anterior (forward) direction. Sticking out your chin is an example.
Retraction
refers to moving in a posterior (backward) direction. Pushing your shoulders back to squeeze your shoulder blades is an example.
Flexion and Exstention
Flexion is the action of bending at a joint such that the joint angle decreases (e.g., when you bend your elbow to bring your palm up towards your face).
Extension occurs when you increase the angle joint.
Abduction and adduction
Abduction (“ab” = “from”) is when you move a body segment to the side and away from your body (e.g., moving your arm out to the side and bringing it level with your shoulder).
Adduction (“ad” = “to”) is when you move a body segment towards the body.
planter flexion and dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion is specific to the ankle joint. It occurs when you point your toes (e.g., when you stand on your tip toes).
Dorsiflexion occurs when you bend the ankle to bring the top of your foot closer to your shin.
supination and pronation
Supination is lateral rotation of the wrist such that the palm of your hand is facing forward (e.g., when you catch a softball underhanded with one hand).
Pronation occurs in the opposite direction. Medial rotation of the wrist such that the palm of the hand is facing backward (e.g., when you dribble a basketball you must first pronate your wrist).
Inversion and eversion
Inversion is associated with the ankle joint. It is a result of standing on the outer edge of your foot (e.g., when you twist your ankle).
Eversion is a result of standing on the inner edge of your foot.
external and internal rotation
External rotation results when you twist or turn a body part outward from the midline (eg., turning your toes outward).
Internal rotation results when you twist or turn a body part inward towards the midline.
elevation and depression
Elevation refers to movement in an upwards direction (e.g., hunching your shoulders).
Depression is the opposite motion—movement in a downwards direction (e.g., slouching your shoulders)
What are all bones composed of
living tissue
How many bones in body
300 into 206
What non-living material is bones made up of
water + minerals
t or f bones are composed of calcium
t
Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate: bone composition
-make up 60-70% of bone weight
-provides bones stiffness and resistance to pressing and squeezing forces
Collagen: bone composition
-gives bone flexibility and contributes the ability to resist pulling and stretching forces
- aging collagen decreases
Water: bone composition
-composed of little ater
skeleton system
structural support to the body protects vital organs, serves as a growth centre for cells, acts as a reverse for minerals and major role in the movement.
Skeleta system
-structural support
-protection
-growth centre for cells
-a reservoir of minerals
-movement
Types of bones
Long Bones- arms and legs
Short Bones- wrists
Flat Bones- roof of the skull
Irregular Bones- odd-looking, vertebrae
Sesamoid bones- unusually small, flat, wrapped, within tendons over the body surfaces
Cartilage
-located in both ends
-referred to as a articular or articulating Cartlidge
-allows smooth movement within joints
Periosteum
-outer connective tissue that covers the entire length of the bone
-periosteum fibers and fiber ligaments and tendons unite to connect bone to bone or bone to muscle
Medullary Cavity
-inside the shaft of the bone
-filled with red + yellow marrow
RED- blood cell formation occurs
YELLOW- flat+connective tissue has no role in blood formation
Diaphysis
Where the bone is the thickest
Compact Bone
-dense part of the bone
-responsible for structural integrity
Cancellous bone (spongey bone)
-filled with marrow + small cavitys like spaces
-can be strengthend with exersise load on bone
Epiphysis
-end of the bone
-outer surface of it is made up compact bone and cartilage
Epiphyseal plates
-growth plates
Cortex
-exterior layer of the bone
-dense and smooth varying thickeness depending on the bone
-consists of networks of fibers that mesh with blood vessels and bone marrow
Trabeculae
-bony fibers arranged in strut like systems running throughout the cancellous tissue
-density depends varying on type of bone and stress
Landmark
ridge, bump, groove, depression or prominence on the surface. Uses for a guide to the location for other body structures
Fractures: breaks in the bone (3 main types)
Simple- no separation of the bone into parts crack is detected
Compound- bone breaks into separate pieces, a major blow
Comminuted- both ends are shattered into many pieced
Stress fracture
tiny cracks bone caused by a rapid increase of activity when athletes switch training surfaces , improper cushioning
Stress fracture/hairline fracture
tiny cracks in a bone caused by rapid increase in activity or when athlete switches training shoes
shin splints
stress fracture on the tibia (caused by over use)
Osteoporosis
a degenerative disease characterized by low bone mass and bone deterioration
-leads to bone fragility
-no cure
prevention -
-balanced diet
-weight bearing extersise
REDS syndrome
relative energy deficiency in sports more known commonly as a female athlete triad
REDS is caused by
-not eating enough
-not enough energy
-decreaed horomonal pathway
Amenorrhea
loss of menstruation -cause of decreased estrogen
REDS affects
-altered hormonal levels due to energy deficiency
-cardiovascular problems
-setting up for heart disease
-affects immunity and protein synthesis
REDS treatment
-see physician, dietitian, physical therapist
-intake more food
The articular system
the joints of the human body and surrounding tissues
3 types of main joints
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
FIbrous Joints:
bound tightly together by connective tissue and allow NO movement
EX. joints in between interlocking bones of the skull, known as sutures
Cartilaginous Joints:
body of one bone connects to the body another by means of cartilage, allowing for slight movement
ex. disks of spinal column
Synovial Joints:
-allow the most movement
-knee shoulder ankle
Articular cartilage
-flexible and connective tissues that is located on the ends of bones that come in contact with one another
The Bursae
small fluid sacs found at the friction points tendons ligaments and bones
why are synovial joints the most susceptible to injury
because of the movement of freedom
joint capsule
-consists the synovial membrane and fibrous capsule
- synovial memebrane allows certain nutrients to pass through the while the fibrous capsule and keeps synovial fluid from leaking
joint cavity
-filled with synovial fluid which acts like a lubricant
-lubericant essential in reducing friction
Intrinsic ligaments
- are thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that helps thicken and reinforce the join capsule
Extrinsic ligaments
separate from the joint capsule and helps reinforce the joint by attaching bones together
JOints and the number of axes
UNIAXIAL – moves mainly in one plane (elbow)
BIAXIAL— moves in two planes ( thumbs and wrists)
TRIAXIAL or Multiaxial — moves in 3 planes (hip and shoulder)
Types of synovial joints
- ball and socket joint (most maneuverable)
- grinding joint (connects flat or slightly curved bone surface)
- hinge joint (convex portion into a concave portion/ movement in one plane)
- pivot joint (rotation in one plane)
- saddle joint (rotation in 2 panes)
- ellipsoid joint (rotation in 2 planes)
LIgament
bone to bone
Tendon
muscle to bone
Dislocation vs separation
SHORT A.
DISLOCATIONS
-bone is separated by its joint
-swelling bruising and weakness
-caused by collisions and falls
SEPARATION
-does NOT affect the joint itself but rather connecting tissue surrounding the joint
Seperation of shoulder
A C joint
Osteoarthritis
loss of cartilage at joints
Bursitis
inflammation of the bursa (fluid sacs) (friction between tends and bones)
what is the best way to prevent injury
strengthen the muscle surrounding the joint
why are females more susceptible to injury?
- link to hromone estrogen then testostarone
-testosterone strengthens ligaments
Double-jointed (hypermobility)
-joint hypermobility
-collagen in ligaments is looser
-shallower socket joint (bone)
-mental health issues due to collagen affecting proper blood circulation of the body
The knee joint is a
modified hinge joint
2 Ligaments that are in the knee
ACL and PCL// MCL and LCL
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament helps stop the anterior movement of the tibia providing anterior stability to the knee
PCL
Posterior cruciate ligament helps stop posterior movement of the tibia providing posterior stubility
MCL (Outside of knee)
Medial collateral ligament
helps stop medial movement of the tibia providing medial stability
LCL (outside of knee)
Lateral collateral ligament
Helps stop lateral movement of the tibia providing lateral stability
Muscles that help stabilize the knee joint
- Anterior side = quadriceps
- Posterior side = gastroememinus and hamstring)
Ligament Tears that usually occur in the knee
Joint capsuel
MCL and ACL
Osgood- schatter syndrome
“growing pains”
- osteochondritis
- effects epiphyseal plate of tibial tuberosity
-swelling and sidcomfort
-does not affect the growth of a child
The Ankle joint*** most common injury?
inversion
What type of joint is an ankle joint?
modified hinge joint
A high ankle sprain is?
involves damage to one or both anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament
Why is an eversion ankle sprain rare?
-due to the strength of the deltoid ligament
-tears of the tip of the medial malleolus
Potts fracture is
on ankle
-breaks of tip of the medial malleous and break off the fibula resulting from a source on the medial side of fracture
cracking knucles
-dissolved gasses
-synovial fluid low pressured zone
what is the muskoskeletal system
known as the locomoter system. consists of bones, joints, and muscles that provide support nad stability and allow us to move
muscle tissue
refers to collection of cells that shorten during contraction
smooth muscle
-surrounds bodys internal organs, blood vessels, ahir etc
-smooth muscle tissue contracts
-they are involentary
cardiac muscles
-found in the heart
-responsible for pumping blood
-they are involentary
skeletal muscles
muscles that are attached to the bone
-most prevalent muscle type
-they work voluntary
Musculoskeletal system
-connective tissue
-tendons
-ligaments
-cartilage tissue
*** where does the patella tendon attach to?
tibial, landmark tibial tobersity
Muscles —– never ——
pull , push
Opposing pairs
Agonist- responsible for movement
Antagonist- muscle that contracts
Stabilizers
provide support and hold joint in place so that desired movement can occur in another joint
ex bosu ball
How the muscle connects to bone (RJ)
Acelyin and mysosin (romeo and juleit)
-they wnat to get togther but they cant
Sarcomeres: units of skeletal muscle contaioing the celluar proteins myosin and actin
myosin: male
Actin: 2 body agurds that you have to destract
-troponin = “cash” = calcium
** all or none principal
-when a motor unit is stimulated to contract it will do it at its fullest potential
-either all fibers will contract or non will
Types of muscle contractions
static: no movement is visable while the muscle is producing tension
Dynamic: movement occurs while the muscle is producing tension
3 types of muscle contractions
1.ISOTONIC -
concentric contraction- (shortening muscle fibres)
eccentric contraction- lengthening of muscle fibres ***
- ISOMETRIC
- static muscle fibres do not change in length
3.ISOKINETIC
-muscle fiberrs shorten and lengthen
-same amount of energy at the same time
-most effective in building strength (Cycling)
-tension stays the same
What makes muscles grow?
stress micro tears
-CYTOKINES released to activate immune system to repair injured area
msucle cells need to be exposed to higher work loads
Muscle hypertrophy vs atrophy
hypertrophy - build new muscles, higher work load
Atrophy- msuvles are not contisuley exposed to resistance and shrink
strains
excessive twisting or pulling on a muscle
Sprain
injury of joint ligament
How can DOM’s be minimized
by having a proper warm up and cool down, gradually increasing intensity of exersise
What is another name for a bruise?
Contusion
Tendonitis
-inflammation of the tendon
-overuse
-tendon becomes irratated
Symtoms of tendonitis
-pain and tenderness around the joint
-stiffness and pain
-strong pulling and sharp pain
Treatment of tendonitis
-resting
-slings
-ice pack
difference between a golfer and a tennis elbow **
Tennis -lateral epicondyle
Golfer- medial epicondyle
Parasympathetic system
opposes this and brings the heart rate down
Somatic NS
our awareness of external enviornment
- contains afferent and efferent
Why do limbs fall asleep
-has to do with nerves
-when we put pressure on nerve its hard for them to send signals
-pins needles - nerves are firing off and panicing
*** REflexes
-an important part of all physical movement they are on automatic rapid, and unconscious responds to
autonomic relxes
religous boldily functions (ie digestion)
Somatic reflex
stimulation of sketal withdrawl reflex
reflex nerve
- receptor, sensory, interneuron, motor
proprioception
is a persons ability to sense the position, orientation and movement of the body
proprioceptors
sensory receptors detect the mostion or position
Muscle spindles
reserch more **
parallel to the muscle fibre & sends constant signals to the spinal cord
** Golgi tendon organs
detect changes in muscle tension they help protect the muscle from excessive tension that may damage the muscle or joint
-also protect the motor nerurons located within the spinal cord
-providfe feedback to the CNS regardless of tension (strength and power)
Muscle cramps
it is a defence mechanism
-brain signling the muscle spasm to protect a particular area of the body
caused by dehydration and over exerition
muscle twitch
small involuntary muscle contractions in the body where only some muscle fibres of muscles contract
causes;
-intense physical activity
-dehydration
-caffine
Side cramp
-cramp or spasm in your diaphram
dehydration
helps transport oxygen thorugh your body, removes wastem and toxins, protects your organs, and helps with normal function
MAINTSIN BALANCE OF BODY FLUIDS
- posyerior pitularity gland your brain communicates with your kidney tells how much water
Water helps energize mucles by maintaining their balance fluids and electrolighst shrivel (muscle fatigue)
