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Kinesiology > UNit 2 > Flashcards

UNit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position?

A

standard position (standing straight, looking forward, arms at your side, and hands facing forward)

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2
Q

ANatomical relationships

A

Anterior / Posterior
Superior / Inferior
Medial / Lateral
Proximal / Distal

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3
Q

Anterior/ Posterior

A

Anterior refers to the front surfaces of the body.
Posterior refers to the back surfaces of the body

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4
Q

Superior / Inferior

A

Superior refers to upward surfaces
Inferior refers to downward surfaces

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5
Q

Medial / Lateral

A

Medial means towards the midline
Lateral means away from the midline

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6
Q

Proximal / Distal

A

Proximal means towards the point of attachment of the limb to the body
Distal means farther away from the point of attachment

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7
Q

Superficial/Deep

A

Superficial means on, or close to, the surface of the body

Deep means farther away from the surface of the body

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8
Q

what your body can be divided into?

A

Anatomical planes
Anatomical axes

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9
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Frontal plane
The frontal (coronal) plane is vertical and extends from one side of the body to the other.

Transverse plane The transverse (horizontal) plane is horizontal and divides the body into upper and lower segments.

Sagittal plane
The sagittal (median) plane is vertical and extends from the front of the body to the back.

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10
Q

Anatomical Axes

A

Horizontal axis
The horizontal axis extends from one side of the body to the other.

Longitudinal axis The longitudinal axis (also known as the polar axis) is vertical, running from head to toe.

Antero-posterior axis
The antero-posterior
axis extends from the front of the body to the back.

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11
Q

Circumduction

A

is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., when a softball pitcher throws a ball with a “windmill” action).

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12
Q

Protraction

A

refers to moving an anterior (forward) direction. Sticking out your chin is an example.

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13
Q

Retraction

A

refers to moving in a posterior (backward) direction. Pushing your shoulders back to squeeze your shoulder blades is an example.

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14
Q

Flexion and Exstention

A

Flexion is the action of bending at a joint such that the joint angle decreases (e.g., when you bend your elbow to bring your palm up towards your face).
Extension occurs when you increase the angle joint.

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15
Q

Abduction and adduction

A

Abduction (“ab” = “from”) is when you move a body segment to the side and away from your body (e.g., moving your arm out to the side and bringing it level with your shoulder).
Adduction (“ad” = “to”) is when you move a body segment towards the body.

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16
Q

planter flexion and dorsiflexion

A

Plantar flexion is specific to the ankle joint. It occurs when you point your toes (e.g., when you stand on your tip toes).

Dorsiflexion occurs when you bend the ankle to bring the top of your foot closer to your shin.

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17
Q

supination and pronation

A

Supination is lateral rotation of the wrist such that the palm of your hand is facing forward (e.g., when you catch a softball underhanded with one hand).

Pronation occurs in the opposite direction. Medial rotation of the wrist such that the palm of the hand is facing backward (e.g., when you dribble a basketball you must first pronate your wrist).

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18
Q

Inversion and eversion

A

Inversion is associated with the ankle joint. It is a result of standing on the outer edge of your foot (e.g., when you twist your ankle).

Eversion is a result of standing on the inner edge of your foot.

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19
Q

external and internal rotation

A

External rotation results when you twist or turn a body part outward from the midline (eg., turning your toes outward).

Internal rotation results when you twist or turn a body part inward towards the midline.

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20
Q

elevation and depression

A

Elevation refers to movement in an upwards direction (e.g., hunching your shoulders).

Depression is the opposite motion—movement in a downwards direction (e.g., slouching your shoulders)

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21
Q

What are all bones composed of

A

living tissue

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22
Q

How many bones in body

A

300 into 206

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23
Q

What non-living material is bones made up of

A

water + minerals

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24
Q

t or f bones are composed of calcium

A

t

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25
Q

Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate: bone composition

A

-make up 60-70% of bone weight
-provides bones stiffness and resistance to pressing and squeezing forces

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26
Q

Collagen: bone composition

A

-gives bone flexibility and contributes the ability to resist pulling and stretching forces
- aging collagen decreases

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27
Q

Water: bone composition

A

-composed of little ater

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28
Q

skeleton system

A

structural support to the body protects vital organs, serves as a growth centre for cells, acts as a reverse for minerals and major role in the movement.

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29
Q

Skeleta system

A

-structural support
-protection
-growth centre for cells
-a reservoir of minerals
-movement

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30
Q

Types of bones

A

Long Bones- arms and legs
Short Bones- wrists
Flat Bones- roof of the skull
Irregular Bones- odd-looking, vertebrae
Sesamoid bones- unusually small, flat, wrapped, within tendons over the body surfaces

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31
Q

Cartilage

A

-located in both ends
-referred to as a articular or articulating Cartlidge
-allows smooth movement within joints

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32
Q

Periosteum

A

-outer connective tissue that covers the entire length of the bone
-periosteum fibers and fiber ligaments and tendons unite to connect bone to bone or bone to muscle

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33
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

-inside the shaft of the bone
-filled with red + yellow marrow
RED- blood cell formation occurs
YELLOW- flat+connective tissue has no role in blood formation

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34
Q

Diaphysis

A

Where the bone is the thickest

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35
Q

Compact Bone

A

-dense part of the bone
-responsible for structural integrity

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36
Q

Cancellous bone (spongey bone)

A

-filled with marrow + small cavitys like spaces
-can be strengthend with exersise load on bone

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37
Q

Epiphysis

A

-end of the bone
-outer surface of it is made up compact bone and cartilage

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38
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

-growth plates

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39
Q

Cortex

A

-exterior layer of the bone
-dense and smooth varying thickeness depending on the bone
-consists of networks of fibers that mesh with blood vessels and bone marrow

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40
Q

Trabeculae

A

-bony fibers arranged in strut like systems running throughout the cancellous tissue
-density depends varying on type of bone and stress

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41
Q

Landmark

A

ridge, bump, groove, depression or prominence on the surface. Uses for a guide to the location for other body structures

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42
Q

Fractures: breaks in the bone (3 main types)

A

Simple- no separation of the bone into parts crack is detected

Compound- bone breaks into separate pieces, a major blow

Comminuted- both ends are shattered into many pieced

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43
Q

Stress fracture

A

tiny cracks bone caused by a rapid increase of activity when athletes switch training surfaces , improper cushioning

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44
Q

Stress fracture/hairline fracture

A

tiny cracks in a bone caused by rapid increase in activity or when athlete switches training shoes

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45
Q

shin splints

A

stress fracture on the tibia (caused by over use)

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46
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a degenerative disease characterized by low bone mass and bone deterioration
-leads to bone fragility
-no cure

prevention -

-balanced diet
-weight bearing extersise

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47
Q

REDS syndrome

A

relative energy deficiency in sports more known commonly as a female athlete triad

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48
Q

REDS is caused by

A

-not eating enough
-not enough energy
-decreaed horomonal pathway

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49
Q

Amenorrhea

A

loss of menstruation -cause of decreased estrogen

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50
Q

REDS affects

A

-altered hormonal levels due to energy deficiency
-cardiovascular problems
-setting up for heart disease
-affects immunity and protein synthesis

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51
Q

REDS treatment

A

-see physician, dietitian, physical therapist
-intake more food

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52
Q

The articular system

A

the joints of the human body and surrounding tissues

53
Q

3 types of main joints

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Cartilaginous joints
  3. Synovial joints
54
Q

FIbrous Joints:

A

bound tightly together by connective tissue and allow NO movement

EX. joints in between interlocking bones of the skull, known as sutures

55
Q

Cartilaginous Joints:

A

body of one bone connects to the body another by means of cartilage, allowing for slight movement

ex. disks of spinal column

56
Q

Synovial Joints:

A

-allow the most movement

-knee shoulder ankle

57
Q

Articular cartilage

A

-flexible and connective tissues that is located on the ends of bones that come in contact with one another

58
Q

The Bursae

A

small fluid sacs found at the friction points tendons ligaments and bones

59
Q

why are synovial joints the most susceptible to injury

A

because of the movement of freedom

60
Q

joint capsule

A

-consists the synovial membrane and fibrous capsule
- synovial memebrane allows certain nutrients to pass through the while the fibrous capsule and keeps synovial fluid from leaking

61
Q

joint cavity

A

-filled with synovial fluid which acts like a lubricant

-lubericant essential in reducing friction

62
Q

Intrinsic ligaments

A
  • are thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that helps thicken and reinforce the join capsule
63
Q

Extrinsic ligaments

A

separate from the joint capsule and helps reinforce the joint by attaching bones together

64
Q

JOints and the number of axes

A

UNIAXIAL – moves mainly in one plane (elbow)

BIAXIAL— moves in two planes ( thumbs and wrists)

TRIAXIAL or Multiaxial — moves in 3 planes (hip and shoulder)

65
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  1. ball and socket joint (most maneuverable)
  2. grinding joint (connects flat or slightly curved bone surface)
  3. hinge joint (convex portion into a concave portion/ movement in one plane)
  4. pivot joint (rotation in one plane)
  5. saddle joint (rotation in 2 panes)
  6. ellipsoid joint (rotation in 2 planes)
66
Q

LIgament

A

bone to bone

67
Q

Tendon

A

muscle to bone

68
Q

Dislocation vs separation

SHORT A.

A

DISLOCATIONS
-bone is separated by its joint
-swelling bruising and weakness
-caused by collisions and falls

SEPARATION
-does NOT affect the joint itself but rather connecting tissue surrounding the joint

69
Q

Seperation of shoulder

A

A C joint

70
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

loss of cartilage at joints

71
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa (fluid sacs) (friction between tends and bones)

72
Q

what is the best way to prevent injury

A

strengthen the muscle surrounding the joint

73
Q

why are females more susceptible to injury?

A
  • link to hromone estrogen then testostarone
    -testosterone strengthens ligaments
74
Q

Double-jointed (hypermobility)

A

-joint hypermobility
-collagen in ligaments is looser
-shallower socket joint (bone)
-mental health issues due to collagen affecting proper blood circulation of the body

75
Q

The knee joint is a

A

modified hinge joint

76
Q

2 Ligaments that are in the knee

A

ACL and PCL// MCL and LCL

77
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament helps stop the anterior movement of the tibia providing anterior stability to the knee

78
Q

PCL

A

Posterior cruciate ligament helps stop posterior movement of the tibia providing posterior stubility

79
Q

MCL (Outside of knee)

A

Medial collateral ligament
helps stop medial movement of the tibia providing medial stability

80
Q

LCL (outside of knee)

A

Lateral collateral ligament
Helps stop lateral movement of the tibia providing lateral stability

81
Q

Muscles that help stabilize the knee joint

A
  1. Anterior side = quadriceps
  2. Posterior side = gastroememinus and hamstring)
82
Q

Ligament Tears that usually occur in the knee

A

Joint capsuel
MCL and ACL

83
Q

Osgood- schatter syndrome

A

“growing pains”
- osteochondritis
- effects epiphyseal plate of tibial tuberosity
-swelling and sidcomfort
-does not affect the growth of a child

84
Q

The Ankle joint*** most common injury?

A

inversion

85
Q

What type of joint is an ankle joint?

A

modified hinge joint

86
Q

A high ankle sprain is?

A

involves damage to one or both anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament

87
Q

Why is an eversion ankle sprain rare?

A

-due to the strength of the deltoid ligament
-tears of the tip of the medial malleolus

88
Q

Potts fracture is

A

on ankle
-breaks of tip of the medial malleous and break off the fibula resulting from a source on the medial side of fracture

89
Q

cracking knucles

A

-dissolved gasses
-synovial fluid low pressured zone

90
Q

what is the muskoskeletal system

A

known as the locomoter system. consists of bones, joints, and muscles that provide support nad stability and allow us to move

91
Q

muscle tissue

A

refers to collection of cells that shorten during contraction

92
Q

smooth muscle

A

-surrounds bodys internal organs, blood vessels, ahir etc
-smooth muscle tissue contracts
-they are involentary

93
Q

cardiac muscles

A

-found in the heart
-responsible for pumping blood
-they are involentary

94
Q

skeletal muscles

A

muscles that are attached to the bone
-most prevalent muscle type
-they work voluntary

95
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

-connective tissue
-tendons
-ligaments
-cartilage tissue

96
Q

*** where does the patella tendon attach to?

A

tibial, landmark tibial tobersity

97
Q

Muscles —– never ——

A

pull , push

98
Q

Opposing pairs

A

Agonist- responsible for movement
Antagonist- muscle that contracts

99
Q

Stabilizers

A

provide support and hold joint in place so that desired movement can occur in another joint

ex bosu ball

100
Q

How the muscle connects to bone (RJ)

A

Acelyin and mysosin (romeo and juleit)

-they wnat to get togther but they cant

Sarcomeres: units of skeletal muscle contaioing the celluar proteins myosin and actin

myosin: male
Actin: 2 body agurds that you have to destract
-troponin = “cash” = calcium

101
Q

** all or none principal

A

-when a motor unit is stimulated to contract it will do it at its fullest potential

-either all fibers will contract or non will

102
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A

static: no movement is visable while the muscle is producing tension

Dynamic: movement occurs while the muscle is producing tension

103
Q

3 types of muscle contractions

A

1.ISOTONIC -

concentric contraction- (shortening muscle fibres)

eccentric contraction- lengthening of muscle fibres ***

  1. ISOMETRIC
  • static muscle fibres do not change in length

3.ISOKINETIC

-muscle fiberrs shorten and lengthen
-same amount of energy at the same time
-most effective in building strength (Cycling)
-tension stays the same

104
Q

What makes muscles grow?

A

stress micro tears
-CYTOKINES released to activate immune system to repair injured area

msucle cells need to be exposed to higher work loads

105
Q

Muscle hypertrophy vs atrophy

A

hypertrophy - build new muscles, higher work load

Atrophy- msuvles are not contisuley exposed to resistance and shrink

106
Q

strains

A

excessive twisting or pulling on a muscle

107
Q

Sprain

A

injury of joint ligament

108
Q

How can DOM’s be minimized

A

by having a proper warm up and cool down, gradually increasing intensity of exersise

109
Q

What is another name for a bruise?

A

Contusion

110
Q

Tendonitis

A

-inflammation of the tendon

-overuse

-tendon becomes irratated

111
Q

Symtoms of tendonitis

A

-pain and tenderness around the joint

-stiffness and pain

-strong pulling and sharp pain

112
Q

Treatment of tendonitis

A

-resting
-slings
-ice pack

113
Q

difference between a golfer and a tennis elbow **

A

Tennis -lateral epicondyle

Golfer- medial epicondyle

114
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

opposes this and brings the heart rate down

115
Q

Somatic NS

A

our awareness of external enviornment

  • contains afferent and efferent
116
Q

Why do limbs fall asleep

A

-has to do with nerves
-when we put pressure on nerve its hard for them to send signals
-pins needles - nerves are firing off and panicing

117
Q

*** REflexes

A

-an important part of all physical movement they are on automatic rapid, and unconscious responds to

118
Q

autonomic relxes

A

religous boldily functions (ie digestion)

119
Q

Somatic reflex

A

stimulation of sketal withdrawl reflex

120
Q

reflex nerve

A
  • receptor, sensory, interneuron, motor
121
Q

proprioception

A

is a persons ability to sense the position, orientation and movement of the body

122
Q

proprioceptors

A

sensory receptors detect the mostion or position

123
Q

Muscle spindles

reserch more **

A

parallel to the muscle fibre & sends constant signals to the spinal cord

124
Q

** Golgi tendon organs

A

detect changes in muscle tension they help protect the muscle from excessive tension that may damage the muscle or joint

-also protect the motor nerurons located within the spinal cord

-providfe feedback to the CNS regardless of tension (strength and power)

125
Q

Muscle cramps

A

it is a defence mechanism

-brain signling the muscle spasm to protect a particular area of the body

caused by dehydration and over exerition

126
Q

muscle twitch

A

small involuntary muscle contractions in the body where only some muscle fibres of muscles contract

causes;

-intense physical activity
-dehydration
-caffine

127
Q

Side cramp

A

-cramp or spasm in your diaphram

128
Q

dehydration

A

helps transport oxygen thorugh your body, removes wastem and toxins, protects your organs, and helps with normal function

MAINTSIN BALANCE OF BODY FLUIDS
- posyerior pitularity gland your brain communicates with your kidney tells how much water

Water helps energize mucles by maintaining their balance fluids and electrolighst shrivel (muscle fatigue)

Kinesiology (2 decks)

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