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Kinesiology > UNit 2 > Flashcards

UNit 2 Flashcards

(128 cards)

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1
Q

anatomical position?

A

standard position (standing straight, looking forward, arms at your side, and hands facing forward)

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2
Q

ANatomical relationships

A

Anterior / Posterior
Superior / Inferior
Medial / Lateral
Proximal / Distal

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3
Q

Anterior/ Posterior

A

Anterior refers to the front surfaces of the body.
Posterior refers to the back surfaces of the body

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4
Q

Superior / Inferior

A

Superior refers to upward surfaces
Inferior refers to downward surfaces

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5
Q

Medial / Lateral

A

Medial means towards the midline
Lateral means away from the midline

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6
Q

Proximal / Distal

A

Proximal means towards the point of attachment of the limb to the body
Distal means farther away from the point of attachment

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7
Q

Superficial/Deep

A

Superficial means on, or close to, the surface of the body

Deep means farther away from the surface of the body

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8
Q

what your body can be divided into?

A

Anatomical planes
Anatomical axes

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9
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Frontal plane
The frontal (coronal) plane is vertical and extends from one side of the body to the other.

Transverse plane The transverse (horizontal) plane is horizontal and divides the body into upper and lower segments.

Sagittal plane
The sagittal (median) plane is vertical and extends from the front of the body to the back.

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10
Q

Anatomical Axes

A

Horizontal axis
The horizontal axis extends from one side of the body to the other.

Longitudinal axis The longitudinal axis (also known as the polar axis) is vertical, running from head to toe.

Antero-posterior axis
The antero-posterior
axis extends from the front of the body to the back.

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11
Q

Circumduction

A

is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., when a softball pitcher throws a ball with a “windmill” action).

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12
Q

Protraction

A

refers to moving an anterior (forward) direction. Sticking out your chin is an example.

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13
Q

Retraction

A

refers to moving in a posterior (backward) direction. Pushing your shoulders back to squeeze your shoulder blades is an example.

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14
Q

Flexion and Exstention

A

Flexion is the action of bending at a joint such that the joint angle decreases (e.g., when you bend your elbow to bring your palm up towards your face).
Extension occurs when you increase the angle joint.

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15
Q

Abduction and adduction

A

Abduction (“ab” = “from”) is when you move a body segment to the side and away from your body (e.g., moving your arm out to the side and bringing it level with your shoulder).
Adduction (“ad” = “to”) is when you move a body segment towards the body.

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16
Q

planter flexion and dorsiflexion

A

Plantar flexion is specific to the ankle joint. It occurs when you point your toes (e.g., when you stand on your tip toes).

Dorsiflexion occurs when you bend the ankle to bring the top of your foot closer to your shin.

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17
Q

supination and pronation

A

Supination is lateral rotation of the wrist such that the palm of your hand is facing forward (e.g., when you catch a softball underhanded with one hand).

Pronation occurs in the opposite direction. Medial rotation of the wrist such that the palm of the hand is facing backward (e.g., when you dribble a basketball you must first pronate your wrist).

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18
Q

Inversion and eversion

A

Inversion is associated with the ankle joint. It is a result of standing on the outer edge of your foot (e.g., when you twist your ankle).

Eversion is a result of standing on the inner edge of your foot.

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19
Q

external and internal rotation

A

External rotation results when you twist or turn a body part outward from the midline (eg., turning your toes outward).

Internal rotation results when you twist or turn a body part inward towards the midline.

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20
Q

elevation and depression

A

Elevation refers to movement in an upwards direction (e.g., hunching your shoulders).

Depression is the opposite motion—movement in a downwards direction (e.g., slouching your shoulders)

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21
Q

What are all bones composed of

A

living tissue

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22
Q

How many bones in body

A

300 into 206

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23
Q

What non-living material is bones made up of

A

water + minerals

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24
Q

t or f bones are composed of calcium

A

t

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25
Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate: bone composition
-make up 60-70% of bone weight -provides bones stiffness and resistance to pressing and squeezing forces
26
Collagen: bone composition
-gives bone flexibility and contributes the ability to resist pulling and stretching forces - aging collagen decreases
27
Water: bone composition
-composed of little ater
28
skeleton system
structural support to the body protects vital organs, serves as a growth centre for cells, acts as a reverse for minerals and major role in the movement.
29
Skeleta system
-structural support -protection -growth centre for cells -a reservoir of minerals -movement
30
Types of bones
Long Bones- arms and legs Short Bones- wrists Flat Bones- roof of the skull Irregular Bones- odd-looking, vertebrae Sesamoid bones- unusually small, flat, wrapped, within tendons over the body surfaces
31
Cartilage
-located in both ends -referred to as a articular or articulating Cartlidge -allows smooth movement within joints
32
Periosteum
-outer connective tissue that covers the entire length of the bone -periosteum fibers and fiber ligaments and tendons unite to connect bone to bone or bone to muscle
33
Medullary Cavity
-inside the shaft of the bone -filled with red + yellow marrow RED- blood cell formation occurs YELLOW- flat+connective tissue has no role in blood formation
34
Diaphysis
Where the bone is the thickest
35
Compact Bone
-dense part of the bone -responsible for structural integrity
36
Cancellous bone (spongey bone)
-filled with marrow + small cavitys like spaces -can be strengthend with exersise load on bone
37
Epiphysis
-end of the bone -outer surface of it is made up compact bone and cartilage
38
Epiphyseal plates
-growth plates
39
Cortex
-exterior layer of the bone -dense and smooth varying thickeness depending on the bone -consists of networks of fibers that mesh with blood vessels and bone marrow
40
Trabeculae
-bony fibers arranged in strut like systems running throughout the cancellous tissue -density depends varying on type of bone and stress
41
Landmark
ridge, bump, groove, depression or prominence on the surface. Uses for a guide to the location for other body structures
42
Fractures: breaks in the bone (3 main types)
Simple- no separation of the bone into parts crack is detected Compound- bone breaks into separate pieces, a major blow Comminuted- both ends are shattered into many pieced
43
Stress fracture
tiny cracks bone caused by a rapid increase of activity when athletes switch training surfaces , improper cushioning
44
Stress fracture/hairline fracture
tiny cracks in a bone caused by rapid increase in activity or when athlete switches training shoes
45
shin splints
stress fracture on the tibia (caused by over use)
46
Osteoporosis
a degenerative disease characterized by low bone mass and bone deterioration -leads to bone fragility -no cure prevention - -balanced diet -weight bearing extersise
47
REDS syndrome
relative energy deficiency in sports more known commonly as a female athlete triad
48
REDS is caused by
-not eating enough -not enough energy -decreaed horomonal pathway
49
Amenorrhea
loss of menstruation -cause of decreased estrogen
50
REDS affects
-altered hormonal levels due to energy deficiency -cardiovascular problems -setting up for heart disease -affects immunity and protein synthesis
51
REDS treatment
-see physician, dietitian, physical therapist -intake more food
52
The articular system
the joints of the human body and surrounding tissues
53
3 types of main joints
1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints
54
FIbrous Joints:
bound tightly together by connective tissue and allow NO movement EX. joints in between interlocking bones of the skull, known as sutures
55
Cartilaginous Joints:
body of one bone connects to the body another by means of cartilage, allowing for slight movement ex. disks of spinal column
56
Synovial Joints:
-allow the most movement -knee shoulder ankle
57
Articular cartilage
-flexible and connective tissues that is located on the ends of bones that come in contact with one another
58
The Bursae
small fluid sacs found at the friction points tendons ligaments and bones
59
why are synovial joints the most susceptible to injury
because of the movement of freedom
60
joint capsule
-consists the synovial membrane and fibrous capsule - synovial memebrane allows certain nutrients to pass through the while the fibrous capsule and keeps synovial fluid from leaking
61
joint cavity
-filled with synovial fluid which acts like a lubricant -lubericant essential in reducing friction
62
Intrinsic ligaments
- are thick bands of fibrous connective tissue that helps thicken and reinforce the join capsule
63
Extrinsic ligaments
separate from the joint capsule and helps reinforce the joint by attaching bones together
64
JOints and the number of axes
UNIAXIAL -- moves mainly in one plane (elbow) BIAXIAL--- moves in two planes ( thumbs and wrists) TRIAXIAL or Multiaxial --- moves in 3 planes (hip and shoulder)
65
Types of synovial joints
1. ball and socket joint (most maneuverable) 2. grinding joint (connects flat or slightly curved bone surface) 3. hinge joint (convex portion into a concave portion/ movement in one plane) 4. pivot joint (rotation in one plane) 5. saddle joint (rotation in 2 panes) 6. ellipsoid joint (rotation in 2 planes)
66
LIgament
bone to bone
67
Tendon
muscle to bone
68
Dislocation vs separation SHORT A.
DISLOCATIONS -bone is separated by its joint -swelling bruising and weakness -caused by collisions and falls SEPARATION -does NOT affect the joint itself but rather connecting tissue surrounding the joint
69
Seperation of shoulder
A C joint
70
Osteoarthritis
loss of cartilage at joints
71
Bursitis
inflammation of the bursa (fluid sacs) (friction between tends and bones)
72
what is the best way to prevent injury
strengthen the muscle surrounding the joint
73
why are females more susceptible to injury?
- link to hromone estrogen then testostarone -testosterone strengthens ligaments
74
Double-jointed (hypermobility)
-joint hypermobility -collagen in ligaments is looser -shallower socket joint (bone) -mental health issues due to collagen affecting proper blood circulation of the body
75
The knee joint is a
modified hinge joint
76
2 Ligaments that are in the knee
ACL and PCL// MCL and LCL
77
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament helps stop the anterior movement of the tibia providing anterior stability to the knee
78
PCL
Posterior cruciate ligament helps stop posterior movement of the tibia providing posterior stubility
79
MCL (Outside of knee)
Medial collateral ligament helps stop medial movement of the tibia providing medial stability
80
LCL (outside of knee)
Lateral collateral ligament Helps stop lateral movement of the tibia providing lateral stability
81
Muscles that help stabilize the knee joint
1. Anterior side = quadriceps 2. Posterior side = gastroememinus and hamstring)
82
Ligament Tears that usually occur in the knee
Joint capsuel MCL and ACL
83
Osgood- schatter syndrome
"growing pains" - osteochondritis - effects epiphyseal plate of tibial tuberosity -swelling and sidcomfort -does not affect the growth of a child
84
The Ankle joint*** most common injury?
inversion
85
What type of joint is an ankle joint?
modified hinge joint
86
A high ankle sprain is?
involves damage to one or both anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament
87
Why is an eversion ankle sprain rare?
-due to the strength of the deltoid ligament -tears of the tip of the medial malleolus
88
Potts fracture is
on ankle -breaks of tip of the medial malleous and break off the fibula resulting from a source on the medial side of fracture
89
cracking knucles
-dissolved gasses -synovial fluid low pressured zone
90
what is the muskoskeletal system
known as the locomoter system. consists of bones, joints, and muscles that provide support nad stability and allow us to move
91
muscle tissue
refers to collection of cells that shorten during contraction
92
smooth muscle
-surrounds bodys internal organs, blood vessels, ahir etc -smooth muscle tissue contracts -they are involentary
93
cardiac muscles
-found in the heart -responsible for pumping blood -they are involentary
94
skeletal muscles
muscles that are attached to the bone -most prevalent muscle type -they work voluntary
95
Musculoskeletal system
-connective tissue -tendons -ligaments -cartilage tissue
96
*** where does the patella tendon attach to?
tibial, landmark tibial tobersity
97
Muscles ----- never ------
pull , push
98
Opposing pairs
Agonist- responsible for movement Antagonist- muscle that contracts
99
Stabilizers
provide support and hold joint in place so that desired movement can occur in another joint ex bosu ball
100
How the muscle connects to bone (RJ) ******
Acelyin and mysosin (romeo and juleit) -they wnat to get togther but they cant Sarcomeres: units of skeletal muscle contaioing the celluar proteins myosin and actin myosin: male Actin: 2 body agurds that you have to destract -troponin = "cash" = calcium
101
**** all or none principal
-when a motor unit is stimulated to contract it will do it at its fullest potential -either all fibers will contract or non will
102
Types of muscle contractions
static: no movement is visable while the muscle is producing tension Dynamic: movement occurs while the muscle is producing tension
103
3 types of muscle contractions
1.ISOTONIC - concentric contraction- (shortening muscle fibres) eccentric contraction- lengthening of muscle fibres *** 2. ISOMETRIC - static muscle fibres do not change in length 3.ISOKINETIC -muscle fiberrs shorten and lengthen -same amount of energy at the same time -most effective in building strength (Cycling) -tension stays the same
104
What makes muscles grow?
stress micro tears -CYTOKINES released to activate immune system to repair injured area msucle cells need to be exposed to higher work loads
105
Muscle hypertrophy vs atrophy
hypertrophy - build new muscles, higher work load Atrophy- msuvles are not contisuley exposed to resistance and shrink
106
strains
excessive twisting or pulling on a muscle
107
Sprain
injury of joint ligament
108
How can DOM's be minimized
by having a proper warm up and cool down, gradually increasing intensity of exersise
109
What is another name for a bruise?
Contusion
110
Tendonitis
-inflammation of the tendon -overuse -tendon becomes irratated
111
Symtoms of tendonitis
-pain and tenderness around the joint -stiffness and pain -strong pulling and sharp pain
112
Treatment of tendonitis
-resting -slings -ice pack
113
difference between a golfer and a tennis elbow ****
Tennis -lateral epicondyle Golfer- medial epicondyle
114
Parasympathetic system
opposes this and brings the heart rate down
115
Somatic NS
our awareness of external enviornment - contains afferent and efferent
116
Why do limbs fall asleep
-has to do with nerves -when we put pressure on nerve its hard for them to send signals -pins needles - nerves are firing off and panicing
117
*** REflexes
-an important part of all physical movement they are on automatic rapid, and unconscious responds to
118
autonomic relxes
religous boldily functions (ie digestion)
119
Somatic reflex
stimulation of sketal withdrawl reflex
120
reflex nerve
- receptor, sensory, interneuron, motor
121
proprioception
is a persons ability to sense the position, orientation and movement of the body
122
proprioceptors
sensory receptors detect the mostion or position
123
Muscle spindles reserch more **
parallel to the muscle fibre & sends constant signals to the spinal cord
124
** Golgi tendon organs
detect changes in muscle tension they help protect the muscle from excessive tension that may damage the muscle or joint -also protect the motor nerurons located within the spinal cord -providfe feedback to the CNS regardless of tension (strength and power)
125
Muscle cramps
it is a defence mechanism -brain signling the muscle spasm to protect a particular area of the body caused by dehydration and over exerition
126
muscle twitch
small involuntary muscle contractions in the body where only some muscle fibres of muscles contract causes; -intense physical activity -dehydration -caffine
127
Side cramp
-cramp or spasm in your diaphram
128
dehydration
helps transport oxygen thorugh your body, removes wastem and toxins, protects your organs, and helps with normal function MAINTSIN BALANCE OF BODY FLUIDS - posyerior pitularity gland your brain communicates with your kidney tells how much water Water helps energize mucles by maintaining their balance fluids and electrolighst shrivel (muscle fatigue)

Kinesiology (2 decks)

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