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MICROPARA LECTURE > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

PRINCIPLES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
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2
Q

Pathology

A

Scientific study of disease

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Microorganisms does to our body

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4
Q

Disease develops

A

Pathogenesis

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5
Q

Etiology

A

Concerned with the cause of the disease

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6
Q

PUD

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

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7
Q

Structural and functional changes brought about by a disease with their final effects in the body

A

Pathology

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8
Q

ASA

A

Aspirin — Acetyl Salicylic Acid

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9
Q

NSAIDs

A

Nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory drug

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10
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE PATHOGENESIS

A

ASA & H.pylori Hypersecretory
NSAIDs gastritis states
\ / \ /
Alterations in mucosal Acid & pepsin
defense mechanisms
\ /
Ulceration

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11
Q

H. pylori gastritis

A

Helicobacte pylori

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12
Q

Gastric acid

A

Hypersecretory states

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13
Q

ASA & NSAIDs

A

Aspirin
Acetyl Salicylic Acid

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14
Q

Invasion/colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

A

Infection

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15
Q

The organisms can cause disease in a host

A

Pathogenic Microorganisms

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16
Q

Asymptomatic

A

Latent Infection

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17
Q

Infection results in any change from a state of health where

A

Disease

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18
Q

The body is incapable of performing its normal functions

A

Disease

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19
Q

The presence of a particular type of microorganism in a part of the body where it is not normally found may cause an infection-leads to a disease

A

E-coli in intestines
E-coli in urinary tract

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20
Q

The ability of microorganism to cause damage to its host.

A

Virulence

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21
Q

Pathogenic Agents

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Fungi
Viroids
Parasites

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22
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a pathogenic agent to cause disease

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23
Q

Latent infection

A

Syphilis ( Trepone pallidum)
Tubercolosis (Mycobacterium tubercolosis)

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24
Q

Normal Microbiota

A

NORMAL FLORA

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25
Q

Normal in body

A

Normal flora

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26
Q

It is colonize by microorganisms but does not produce disease under normal conditions

A

Normal flora

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27
Q

Present for several days and then disappears

A

Transient microbiota

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28
Q

Factors determining the distribution and composition of Normal Flora

A

Nutrients:
Microbes can only colonize body sites that can supply nutrients

Mechanical forces :
Chewing action dislodges microbes attached to the teeth
Saliva and GIT movement can remove unattached microbes.
Flushing action of the urine.
Mucus trapping microbes in the respiratory system.

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29
Q

Urinary and reproductive systems

A

Staphylococcus
Micrococcus
Enterococcus
Lactobacillus
Bacteroides
Aerobic Diphtheroids
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella

Proteus in urethra
lactobacilli
Streptococcus Clostridium
Candida albicans (fungus)
Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan) in vagina

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30
Q

Skin

A

Do not become resident because secretions from sweat and oil glands have anti microbial properties

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31
Q

Eyes (conjuntiva)

A

Continuation of skin or mucous membrane, contains basically the same microbiota found on the skin

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32
Q

Tears and blinking also eliminate microbes or inhibits others from colonizing

A

Eyes (conjunctiva)

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33
Q

Has low moisture content

A

Skin

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34
Q

A resistant barrier , and the low pH of the skin inhibits many microbes

A

Keratin

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35
Q

Their ability to cause disease is reduced by microbial antagonism

A

Nose and throat ( Upper respiratory System)

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36
Q

_________ secretions kila or inhibits many microbes, and mucus and ciliary action remove many microbes.

A

Nasal

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37
Q

Abundant moisture, warmth, and the constant presence of food make the mouth an ideal environment that supports very large and diverse microbial populations on the tongue, cheeks, teeth, and gums.

A

Mouth

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38
Q

Biting, chewing, tongue movements, and salivary flow dislodge microbes. Saliva contains several anti microbial substances

A

Mouth

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39
Q

Largest number resident microbiota

A

Large intestine

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40
Q

__________ also flushed out some of the Normal microbiota

A

Diarrhea

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41
Q

_________ of the vagina inhibits or kills microbes

A

Acidity

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42
Q

The ______ of urine and urea are anti microbial

A

pH

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43
Q

It contains several antimicrobial substances

A

Saliva/ mouth

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44
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A

Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism

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45
Q

One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.

A

Commensalism

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46
Q

One organism benefits at the expense of others ;
One is harmed.

A

Parasitism

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47
Q

Both organisms are benefiting from the presence of each other

A

Mutualism

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48
Q

Most of the ____________ _______________ are commensals

A

Normal Microbiota

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49
Q

Host is not benefiting from the microorganisms

A

Commensalism

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50
Q

Considered to have ________ relationship with humans

A

Parasitism

51
Q

Relationship between normal microbiota & the host

A

Symbiosis

52
Q

It can benefit from the host through preventing the overgrowth of harmful organisms

A

Normal microbiota

53
Q

Responsible for antagonizing/ inhibiting the growth of Salmonella escuela

A

Bacteriocins

54
Q

Effectively inhibits the growth of Clostridium difficile

A

Bacteriocins

55
Q

It gets the infections diseases of humans

A

Bacteriocins

56
Q

Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile

A

Pseudomembranous Colitis

57
Q

Mild / severe diarrhea disease

A

Pseudomembrane colitis

58
Q

Acidity of the vagina inhibits or kills microbes

A

Urinary and reproductive system

59
Q

Effectively inhibits the Clostridium difficile

A

Normal Flora of the Intestines

60
Q

Yeast infection

A

Vaginal candidiasis
(Candida albicans fungal)

61
Q

Resposible got antagonizing/inhibiting the growth of Salmonella escuela

A

Bacteriocins

62
Q

Stages of Infectious Disease

A
  1. Incubation Period
  2. Proximal Period
  3. Period of Illness
  4. Period of Decline
  5. Period of Convalescence
63
Q

Time between infection and occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease

A

Incubation Period

64
Q

A short time generalized mild symptoms that precedes illness

A

Prodromal Period

65
Q

The most severe stage of an infectious disease

A

Period of Illness

66
Q

It’s presence is harming the body

A

Period of Illness

67
Q

Not all infectious disease have a prodromal stage

A

Prodromal stage

68
Q

What happen if the patient does not recover

A

It can be fatal

69
Q

The body gradually returnes to normal

A

Period of Decline

70
Q

The patient recovers from the illness

A

Period of Convalesence

71
Q

Portal of Entry

A

Skin
Mucous Membrane
Placenta
The parental route

72
Q

Enters the body through cuts and wounds etc.

A

Skin

73
Q

Enters through nasal

A

Mucous membrane

74
Q

Enters via eyes

A

Respiratory tract

75
Q

Parasites that can survive the acidic pH

A

Protozoa
Helmiths
Bacteria
Viruses

76
Q

Parasites infect the body through the ____________________ mucous membrane

A

Gastrointestinal

77
Q

Pathogens cross the placenta and infect the embryo or fetus sometimes causing;

A

Spontaneous abortion
Birth defects
Premature birth

78
Q

Portal of exit

A

In secretion
In blood
In vaginal secretions or semen
In milk produced by the mammary glands
In excreted body waste (urine/feces)

79
Q

Enters through punctures (nail, thorn, or hypodermic needle)

A

Cuts
Bites
Stab wound
Deep abrasions
Surgeryv

80
Q

Types of reservoirs

A

Animal reservoir
Human carrier
Non living reservoir

81
Q

Modes of disease transmission 

A

Contract transmission
Vehicle transmission
Vector transmission

82
Q

Contract transmission

A

Direct contact transmission
Indirect contract transmission
Droplet transmission

83
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Airborne transmission
Waterborne transmission
Food-borne transmission

84
Q

Vector transmission

A

Biological vector
Mechanical vector

85
Q

Frequency

A

Incidence
Prevalence
Endemic
Sporadic
Epidemic
Pandemic

86
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases

87
Q

Prevalence

A

Total number of cases
:both new and existing

88
Q

Endemic

A

Common disease in the area
Ex. Cholera (Africa)

89
Q

Sporadic

A

Few scattered cases

90
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease occur at greater frequency

91
Q

Pandemic

A

Simultaneously on more than one continent

92
Q

Stages of infectious disease

A

Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of illness
Period of decline
Period of convalescence

93
Q

Time between infection and occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease

A

Incubation period

94
Q

A short time of generalized, mild symptoms

A

Prodromal Period

95
Q

Not all infectious diseases have

A

Prodromal stage

96
Q

Most severe stage of an infectious disease

A

Period of illness

97
Q

Body gradually returns to normal as the patients immune response and or medical treatment eliminated the pathogens

A

Period of decline

98
Q

Patient recovers from the illness and tissues and system are repaired and returned to normal body

A

Period of convalescence

99
Q

Classification of infectious diseases

A

Acute disease
Subacute disease
Chronic disease
Latent disease
Communicable disease
Non-communicable disease

100
Q

Develops rapidly but last a short time

A

Acute disease

101
Q

Slow development but may cure in a short time

A

Subacute disease

102
Q

Develops slowly but may continue for a long time

A

Chronic disease

103
Q

Causative agents inactive for time & then become active (waiting)

A

Latent disease

104
Q

Spread from 1 person to another

A

Communicable disease

105
Q

Does not spread

A

Non communicable disease

106
Q

Movement of microbes into hosts

A

Local infection
Systematic infection
Primary infection
Secondary infection
Subclinical infection

107
Q

Limited to small area of the body

A

Local infection

108
Q

Asymptomatic

A

Subclinical infection

109
Q

Gives signs and symptoms first then it causes initial illness

A

Primary infection

110
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Secondary infection

111
Q

Happens after primary infection weakened the immune system

A

Secondary infection

112
Q

Spread through the body via blood or lymphatic system

A

Systematic infection

113
Q

Does not only transmit but also serve as hosts

A

Biological vector

114
Q

Carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts

A

Mechanical vector

115
Q

Involves pathogen in and on foods that are poorly processed, undercooked and or poorly refrigerated

A

Food-borne Transmission

116
Q

is a major source of disease in the world

A

Fecal-oral infection

117
Q

Water can act as a reservoir as well as a vehicle of infection

A

Waterborne transmission

118
Q

Aerosols May contain pathogens either on dust or inside droplets

A

Airborne transmission

119
Q

Spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food as well as body fluids being handles outside the body

A

Vehicle transmission

120
Q

Anthropods= mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, blood sucking flies , blood sucking bugs and mites

A

Biological vectors

121
Q

Animals that transmit diseases from one host to another

A

Vector transmission

122
Q

Including person to person spread, involves body contact between hosts

A

Direct Contract transmission

123
Q

Transmitted within droplet nuclei that exit the body during exhaling, coughing or sneezing

A

Droplet transmission

124
Q

Pathogens are spread from one host to another by Di mites

A

Indirect contact transmission

MICROPARA LECTURE (6 decks)

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