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MICROPARA LECTURE > Unit 1: Microbial World > Flashcards

Unit 1: Microbial World Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes

A

Need microscope in order to see them

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2
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of minute living organisms

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3
Q

Too small to be seen with the unaided eyes

A

Microorganisms & microbes

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4
Q

Major group of microorganisms

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Microscopic algae
Viruses

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5
Q

Study or parasites, their hosts and the relationship between them

A

Parasitology

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6
Q

Study that does not need microscope in order to see them

A

Parasitology

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7
Q

Difference between microbiology & parasitology is;

A

Needs microscope in order to see them while in parasitology
Majority of the parasites can be seen with the unaided eyes.

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8
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Can find everywhere

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9
Q

Pharmaceutical microbiology

A

Encompass the subject of sterilization and preservation against microbial spoilage and with the responsibility for the safe, hygienic manufacture and use of medicines

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10
Q

Includes study and knowledge of the manufacture, quality control, the mechanism of antibiotics

A

Pharmaceutical microbiology

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11
Q

Father of microbiology

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

First person that identifies cells

A

Robert Hooke

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13
Q

Observed thin slice of cork under;

A

A crude microscope

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14
Q

Smallest structural unit

A

Little boxes/cells

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15
Q

He saw individual cells in his compound microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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16
Q

All living things are composed of cells

A

Cell theory

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17
Q

He called the live microorganisms as animalcules

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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18
Q

Constructed the magnifying lens

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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19
Q

What is live microorganisms called?

A

Animalcules

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20
Q

Spontaneous generation theory

A

AKA: ABIOGENESIS THEORY

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21
Q

Forms of life arising from non-living matter

A

Spontaneous Generation Theory

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22
Q

Life arising from non living matter

A

Living organisms are came from non-living organisms/matter

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23
Q

Disapproved the spontaneous generation theory

A

Francesco Redi

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24
Q

Living organisms would not arise from non living matter

A

Francesco redi

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25
Q

Flies emerging from manure
Maggots arise from decaying corpse

A

Spontaneous generation theory

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26
Q

Proponent of the spontaneous generation

A

John Needham

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27
Q

Criticize; John Needham

A

Lazarro Spallanzani

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28
Q

Did the same experiment of J.Needham but ;no development of microbes

A

Lazarro Spallanzani

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29
Q

Supporter of Sponta Generation Theory

A

John Needham

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30
Q

Claimed that the microbes developed spontaneously from fluids

A

John Needham

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31
Q

He responded by claiming that the vital force necessary for spontaneous generation had been destroyed by the heat

A

John Needham

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32
Q

Showed the importance of oxygen to life

A

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

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33
Q

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

A

Oxygen is needed in order to living organisms to survive

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34
Q

Vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

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35
Q

Vacca-cow

A

Cowpox & smallpox

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36
Q

He used the term vaccine for cultures of a virulent microorganisms used for preventive inoculation

A

Louis Pasteur

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37
Q

When exposed and nothing happens then you are _________

A

Immune

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38
Q

Immunity

A

The protection from disease provided by vaccination

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39
Q

Recovery from the disease itself

A

Immunity

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40
Q

In search to find a way to protect people from smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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41
Q

In the sense of antibiotics

A

The birth of chemotherapy

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42
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Substance that can destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal/human

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43
Q

Originated from microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

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44
Q

Chemicals/ drugs produced naturally by bacteria and fungi acting against another microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

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45
Q

Synthetic Antibiotics

A

Prepared antibiotics in the laboratory

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46
Q

Plant source to treat malaria

A

Quinine

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47
Q

Treatment for malaria

A

Quinine (plant source)

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48
Q

Magic bullet

A

Paul Ehrlich

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49
Q

Year Salvarsan discovered

A

1910

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50
Q

An arsenic derivative

A

Salvarsan

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51
Q

Salvation from syphilis

A

Salvarsan

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52
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Antibiotic

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53
Q

1930

A

Drugs derived from dyes: sulfonamides

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54
Q

Discovered the penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

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55
Q

Penicillin

A

Penicillium notatum

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56
Q

1928

A

Discovery of Penicillin

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57
Q

The colony of __________ mold accidentally contaminated the plate and inhibited nearby bacterial growth

A

Penicillium

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58
Q

1928 Fleming, Chain, Florey—

A

Penicillin Griffith—Transformation in bacteria

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59
Q

1934 Lancefield

A

Streptococcal antigen

60
Q

1935 Stanley, Northup, Sumner

A

Crystallized virus

61
Q

1941 Bradley and Tatum

A

Relationship between genes and enzymes

62
Q

1943 Delbruck and Luria

A

Viral infection

63
Q

1944 Avery, Macleod, McCarty

A

Genetic material is DNA

64
Q

1946 Lederberg and Tatum

A

Bacterial Conjugation

65
Q

1953 Watson and Crick

A

DNA structure

66
Q

1957 Jacob and Monod

A

Protein synthesis regulation

67
Q

1959 Stewart

A

Vita cause of Human cancer

68
Q

1962 Edelman and Porter

A

Antibodies

69
Q

1964 Epstein, Achong, Barr

A

Epstein-Barr virus as cause of human cancer

70
Q

1971 *Nathans, Smith, Arber

A

Restriction enzymes
(Used for recombinant DNA technology)

71
Q

1973 Berg, Boyer, Cohen

A

Genetic Engineering

72
Q

1975 Dulbecco, Temin, Baltimore

A

Reverse transcriptase

73
Q

1978 Woese/ *Mitchell

A

Archaea
Chemiosmotic mechanism

74
Q

1981 Margulis

A

Origin of eukaryotic cells

75
Q

1982 *Klug

A

Structure of tobacco mosaic virus

76
Q

1983 McClintock

A

Transposons

77
Q

1988 *Deisenhoter,Huber,Mitchel

A

Bacterial photosynthesis pigments

78
Q

1994 Cano

A

Reported to have cultured 40-million-year-old bacteria

79
Q

1997 *Prusiner

A

Prions

80
Q

1910, Paul Ehrlich

A

Salvarsan// remedy for syphilis

81
Q

1911// quinine

A

Optochin — intention to treat pneumococci infection

82
Q

1935 Gerhard Domagk

A

Sulfanamide “Noble prize” — first systematic antibiotic

83
Q

1942 // (1928 first discovery)

A

Penicillin — Resistance to enterococcus & gonococcus

84
Q

1943

A

Streptomycin

85
Q

1945

A

Tetracycline

86
Q

1957

A

Vancomycin — resistance to enterococcus & staphylococcus aureus

87
Q

1959

A

Methicillin — to treat infection
Resistance to staphylococcus aureus

88
Q

1963

A

Gentamicin

89
Q

1961

A

Ampicillin

90
Q

1980

A

Cefotaxime — Klebsiella pneumoniae

91
Q

1985

A

Imipenem — resistance to aceinetobacter baumania

92
Q

2000

A

Linezolid — resistance to staphylococcus aureus & VRE

93
Q

2010

A

Ceftaroline

94
Q

Biogenesis Theory

A

Rudolf Virchow

95
Q

Living cells can arise only from pre existing living cells

A
96
Q

He demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from non living matter

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

97
Q

Concept of biogenesis

A

Living cells can arise only from pre existing living cells

98
Q

Theory that disapproved by biogenesis theory

A

Spontaneous Generation Theory

99
Q

Heated the broth with bender flask

A

Louis Pasteur

100
Q

The Golden age of microbiology

A

Establishment of microbiology as a science spearheaded by Pasteur and Koch

101
Q

Who spearheaded the establishment of microbiology as a science

A

Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch

102
Q

1857, Pasteur

A

Fermentation

103
Q

1861, Pasteur

A

Dispproved spontaneous generation

104
Q

1964, Pasteur

A

Pasteurization

105
Q

1867, Lister

A

Aseptic surgery

106
Q

1976, Koch

A

Germ theory of disease

107
Q

1979, Neisser

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

108
Q

1881, Koch

A

Pure cultures

109
Q

1881, Finley

A

Yellow fever

110
Q

1882, Koch

A

Mycobacterium tubercolosis

111
Q

1882, Hess

A

Agar (solid) media

112
Q

1883, Koch

A

Vibrio cholerae

113
Q

1884, Metchnikoff

A

Phagocytosis

114
Q

1884, Gram

A

Gram-staining procedure

115
Q

1884, Escherich

A

Escherichia coli

116
Q

1887, Petri

A

Petri dish

117
Q

1889, Kitasato

A

Clostridium tetani

118
Q

1890, von Behring

A

Diphtheria antitoxin

119
Q

1890, Ehrlich

A

Theory of immunity

120
Q

1892, Winogradsky

A

Sulfur cycle

121
Q

1898, Shiga

A

Shigella dysenteriae

122
Q

1908, Ehrlich

A

Syphilis

123
Q

1910, Chagas

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

124
Q

1911, Rous

A

Tumor causing virus (1966 NOBLE PRIZE)

125
Q

Study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

126
Q

Branch of the botany concerned with seaweeds and other algae

A

Phycology

127
Q

Scientific study of fungi

A

Mycology

128
Q

Study of protozoans

A

Protozoology

129
Q

Branch of science that study viruses

A

Virology

130
Q

Studies the characteristics of pathogens their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth

A

Medical Microbiology

131
Q

Specialty which spans the field of human, animal, food, water and environmental microbiology with focus on human health and disease

A

Public health microbiology

132
Q

Branch of microbiology that deals with plant associated microbes and plant and animals disease

A

Agricultural Microbiology

133
Q

Branch of medicine and biology concerned with immunity

A

Immunology

134
Q

General microbiology that aims to describe microbial flora

A

Paleomicrobiology

135
Q

Concerned with bacterial & viral diseases of domesticated vertebrae animals. (Infectious diseases, pathogenesis and immunology)

A

Veterinary microbiology

136
Q

Use of microorganisms to obtain on economically valuable product or activity of commercial or large scale

A

Microbial biotechnology

137
Q

Based on the detection of risks associated with the production manufacture and consumption of food & water

A

Sanitary Microbiology

138
Q

Study of microorganisms that colonize modify, & process on contaminated & spoil food

A

Food microbiology

139
Q

Pasteurization

A

Simple processes of heating/killing/ boiling solution

140
Q

Process by which sugar are converted to alcohol by yeasts in the absence of air

A

Fermentation

141
Q

Fermentation and Pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

142
Q

What happen if alcohol spoils ?

A

It become vinegar (acetic acid)

143
Q

Alcoholic beverages

A

Alcohol—by yeast—absence of air

144
Q

Concept of microorganisms causing infectious disease

A

Germ Theory of Disease

145
Q

Demonstrated that physicians, who do not disinfect their hands routinely transmitted infections
(puerperal fever) —after child birth

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

146
Q

He treated surgical wounds with phenol

A

Joseph Lister

147
Q

Carbolic acid (a disinfectant)

A

Phenol

MICROPARA LECTURE (6 decks)

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