Unit 2

Question 1

Albany Plan of Union

Answer 1

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Question 2

Great Awakening

Answer 2

plan by the Puritan church to revive religion throughout the colonies; sent out preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield to ignite religious fervor

Question 3

Jonathan Edwards

Answer 3

Preacher during the Great Awakening; Puritan; recognized by harsh and sometimes frightening sermons; known in particular for his sermon titled “Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God”

Question 4

George Whitfield

Answer 4

Preacher who traveled throughout the colonies during the Great Awakening-set off a surge of religious enthusiasm. His different preaching style gained an emotional response

Question 5

Dominion of New England

Answer 5

1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Question 6

Trade and Navigation Acts

Answer 6

(1660) Laws that governed colonial trade. They controlled exportation of some goods, only to England, and the importation of some goods, only from England. In an effort to create a favorable balance of trade

Question 7

Salutary Neglect

Answer 7

idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, without too much British interference

Question 8

French & Indian War

Answer 8

Part of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquins, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceeded Florida to Britain, but received Louisana in return.

Question 9

George Washington (Rev.)

Answer 9

led troops during the French and Indian War, and surrendered Fort Necessity to the French; appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command.

Question 10

Whigs (British Party)

Answer 10

The British Party of bald men. Sorry, I couldn’t find them?!

Question 11

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 11

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Question 12

Parliament

Answer 12

similar to Congress in the US; group of people who come together as a nation to pass bills and discuss issues

Question 13

George III

Answer 13

Became King of England in 1760, and reigned during the American Revolution.

Question 14

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Answer 14

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Question 15

Sugar Act

Answer 15

Part of Prime Minister Grenville’s revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.

Question 16

Quartering Act

Answer 16

March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Question 17

Stamp Act

Answer 17

March 22, 1765 - British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Grenville’s revenue measures which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British imports caused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

Question 18

Patrick Henry

Answer 18

An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a “state of defense” in virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, “Give me liberty or give me death.” Henry served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution. introduced the Virginia Resolves that says colonies can only be taxed by their own representatives; it was never passed but the idea was good.

Question 19

Stamp Act Congress

Answer 19

27 delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies.

Question 20

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Answer 20

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Daughters helped protest by making their own clothes and protesting against the British to decrease reliance on them.

Question 21

Boston Tea Party

Answer 21

British ships carrying tea sailed into Boston Harbor and refused to leave until the colonials took their tea. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo.

Question 22

Boston Massacre

Answer 22

The colonials hated the British soldiers in the colonies because they worked for very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On March 4, 1770, a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment.

Question 23

Declaratory Act

Answer 23

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

Question 24

Townshend Acts

Answer 24

(1767) External/ indirect levies on glass, white lead, paper, and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another wave of protests.

Question 25

Writs of Assistance

Answer 25

Search warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession of contraband before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were protested by the colonies.

Question 26

John Dickinson

Answer 26

A man from Pennsylvania that led one end of the extreme at the Second Continental Congress. He led a group of moderates, much like himself, that hoped for a quick reconciliation with Great Britain.

Question 27

Samuel Adams

Answer 27

A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797.

Question 28

Gaspee Affair

Answer 28

In June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence.

Question 29

Committees of Correspondance

Answer 29

These started as groups of private citizens in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New York who, in 1763, began circulating information about opposition to British trade measures. The first government-organized committee appeared in Massachusetts in 1764. Other colonies created their own committtees in order to exchange information and organize protests to British trade regulations. The Committees became particularly active following the Gaspee Incident.

Question 30

James Otis

Answer 30

A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act.

Question 31

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Answer 31

A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.

Question 32

Crispus Attucks

Answer 32

He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.

Question 33

Tea Act

Answer 33

Allowed East India Company to avoid navigation taxes when exporting tea to colonies and gave them power to monopolize tea trade; this angered colonists and threatened merchants and the colonial economy.

Question 34

Intolerable Acts

Answer 34

Closed Boston port until destroyed tea paid for; stopped town meetings; Appointed a military government for Massachusetts; Trials of government officials will be in England.

Question 35

Enlightenment

Answer 35

18th century European philosophical movement that advocated the use of reason and rationality to establish a system of ethics and knowledge. Provided frame work for both American and French Revolutions

Question 36

John Locke

Answer 36

believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property; stated the government is “created by the people for the people”

Question 37

John Jacques Rousseau

Answer 37

A French philosopher who believed that human beings are naturally good and should rely on their instincts; government should be democratic and exist only to protect common good

Question 38

1st Continental Congress

Answer 38

Called in response to Intolerable Acts; all colonies except for GA attended; goals included endorsing the Suffolk Resolves and reestablishing right to assembly and establishing Bill of Rights

Question 39

John Galloway

Answer 39

An important man.

Question 40

Suffolk Resolves

Answer 40

Agreed to by delegates from Suffolk county, Massachusetts, and approved by the First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774. Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias.

Question 41

Paul Revere/William Dawes

Answer 41

They rode through the countryside warning local militias of the approach of the British troops prior to the Battles of Lexington and Concord, although Revere was detained by the British shortly after setting out, and never completed his portion of the planned ride. Thanks to the advance warning, the militias were able to take the British by surprise.

Question 42

Lexington and Concord

Answer 42

General Gage, stationed in Boston, was ordered by King George III to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British marched on Lexington, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The colonial militias, warned beforehand by Paul Revere and William Dawes, attempted to block the progress of the troops and were fired on by the British at Lexington. The British continued to Concord, where they believed Adams and Hancock were hiding, and they were again attacked by the colonial militia. As the British retreated to Boston, the colonials continued to shoot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road. This was the start of the Revolutionary War.

Question 43

Bunker Hill

Answer 43

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed’s Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.

Question 44

2nd Continental Congress

Answer 44

It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.

Question 45

Declaration of Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms

Answer 45

document issued by the Second Continental Congress on July 6, 1775, to explain why the Thirteen Colonies had “taken up arms” in the American Revolutionary War. The final draft of the Declaration was written by John Dickinson.

Question 46

Olive Branch Petition

Answer 46

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Question 47

Prohibitory Act

Answer 47

The British rejected the Olive Branch Petition and instead enforced this Act which closed the colonies to all over-seas trade and made no concessions to American demands except an offer to pardon rebels.

Question 48

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

Answer 48

Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776, exhorting Americans to rise in opposition to the British government and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals. Historians have cited the publication of this pamphlet as the event that finally sparked the Revolutionary War. Paine also published rational criticisms of religion, most famously in The Age of Reason (1794-1807)

Question 49

Declaration of Independence

Answer 49

The Declaration of Independence was approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it formalized the colonies’ separation from Britain and laid out the Enlightenment values (best expressed by John Locke) of natural rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” upon which the American Revolution was based.

Question 50

Thomas Jefferson (Rev.)

Answer 50

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Question 51

Saratoga

Answer 51

After Burgoyne had captured Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 his troops ran into trouble and became exhausted, supplies ran short, etc. He then sent an expedition to Bennington to capture American supplies but a force of New England militia met them and defeated them. his men were surrounded near Saratoga by the Continental Army, he surrendered. This battle was the turning point of the war and convinced France to aid the American cause.

Question 52

Yorktown

Answer 52

This was the winning battle of the Revolution and what made the French alliance so important. We had them cornered by both land and by sea thanks to the French.

Question 53

Treaty of Alliance

Answer 53

An alliance between the US and France after the American Revolution. It was annulled after the death of the King during the French Revolution.

Question 54

Treaty of Paris, 1783

Answer 54

treaty signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784, which ended the Revolutionary War and granted the United States its independence. It further granted the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River. While generally accepted, the Treaty of Paris opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.