Unit 2

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects that are shared by members of a society

Question 2

Society

Answer 2

a specific territory inhabited by people who share a common culture

Question 3

Instincts

Answer 3

innate (unlearned) patterns of behavior

Question 4

Reflexes

Answer 4

automatic reaction to physical stimulus

Question 5

Drives

Answer 5

impulse to reduce discomfort

Question 6

Sociobiology

Answer 6

the study of the biological basis of human behavior

Question 7

Symbol

Answer 7

a thing that stands for or represents something else

Question 8

Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity

Answer 8

theory stating that our idea of reality depends largely upon language

Question 9

Norms

Answer 9

rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior

Question 10

Folkways

Answer 10

norms that lack moral significance

Question 11

Mores

Answer 11

norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of a society

Question 12

Taboo

Answer 12

a rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment

Question 13

Law

Answer 13

a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials

Question 14

Sanctions

Answer 14

rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms

Question 15

Formal sanctions

Answer 15

sanctions imposed by persons given special authority

Question 16

Informal sanctions

Answer 16

rewards or punishments that can be applied by most members of a group

Question 17

Values

Answer 17

broad ideas of what is good or desirable shared by people in a society

Question 18

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 18

ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people’s behavior

Question 19

Beliefs

Answer 19

ideas about the nature of reality

Question 20

Material culture

Answer 20

the concrete, tangible objects of a culture

Question 21

Ideal culture

Answer 21

cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept

Question 22

Real culture

Answer 22

actual behavior patterns of members of a group

Question 23

Social categories

Answer 23

groupings of persons who share a social characteristic

Question 24

Subculture

Answer 24

a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important respects

Question 25

Counterculture

Answer 25

a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs of attitudes of the dominant culture

Question 26

Ethnocentrism

Answer 26

judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards

Question 27

Cultural universals

Answer 27

general cultural traits that exist in all cultures

Question 28

Cultural particulars

Answer 28

the ways in which a culture expresses universal traits