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Flavor chem > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Trigeminal sensations are:

A

irritant chemicals

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2
Q

Flavor sensation is an integrated sensation in the _______

A

brain

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3
Q

The trigeminal and the chemical senses are naturally bound to each other by their shared ______________, and seldom is one of them activated without an accompanying signal from one or two of the others

A

anatomical location

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4
Q

T or F: Although each bite activates the olfactory receptors (via the retronasal and orthonasal passage), the taste receptors on the tongue, as well as the trigeminal nerve endings are also activated, the sensation we obtain is not that of three individual sensation coming together, but rather that of a uniform flavor

A

T

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5
Q

Trigeminal senses are inervating the whole nasal and oral cavities which means they have nerve endings in the _____ and _________

A

nose and mouth

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6
Q

What are the 5 physical senses:

A
  • touch
  • taste
  • vision
  • hearing
  • smell
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7
Q

All the physical senses also trigger _______________

A

memory centers

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8
Q

Trigeminal nerve endings can be activated by _____________ (mechanical forces and temperature) and by a huge array of chemical agents and evoke sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, pain, tingling, itching, and pungent, burning, cooling, numbing sensations

A

physical stimuli

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9
Q

__________________ is where the olfactory nerves are suspended

A

olfactory epithelium

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10
Q

What is the chemical agonist in chili peppers:

A

capsaicin

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11
Q

What is the chemical agonist in black pepper:

A

piperine

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12
Q

What is the chemical agonist in mustard oil:

A

allyl isothiocyanate

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13
Q

What is the chemical agonist in garlic:

A

allicin

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14
Q

What is the chemical agonist in ginger:

A

gingerols

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15
Q

What is the chemical agonist in tobacco plant:

A

nicotine

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16
Q

T or F: the headspace contains the aroma chemicals in the right proportions

A

T

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17
Q

Flavor sensation can be defined as a psychological interpretation of a _________________ response to a __________ stimulus

A

physiological

physical

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18
Q

Any chemical in order to elicit a physiological response in an organism, it has first to bind to a specific site in the target tissue, this site is called the ___________

A

receptor

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19
Q

The receptors for flavor active molecules are located in the _______ and ________ cavities

A

oral and nasal

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20
Q

Flavors therefore are the perception of taste, smell and _______________ caused by the different chemicals found in food.

A

chemestetic responses

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21
Q

Olfactory cells are ___________ and are situated in the upper part of the _______ cavity and their receptors perform a similar function to that of the taste cells through their own nerve fibers that transmit neural impulses from receptors directly to the olfactory bulb in the brain

A

neurons

nasal

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22
Q

Taste receptors which are found on the surface of the __________, are linked to the brain by way of ____________ which carry the nerve impulses to the brain after the _______________ are released from the taste cells, this process is initiated by the formation of the taste compound-receptor complex

A

taste cells
cranial nerves
neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Covid-19 affects sensory perceptions by:

A

attaching itself to the support cells which are similar to the ones found in our lungs

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24
Q

T or F: all taste buds have different types of taste cells

A

T (types 1-4)

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25
Q

T or F: olfactory cells/receptors are a lot more complicated than taste cells

A

T

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26
Q

Supporting cells support nerve endings going to the brain =

A

sustentacular cells

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27
Q

T or F: taste buds are found in isolation

A

F, they are part of a structure known as papillae

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28
Q

The tongue is covered with bumps called _________

A

papillae

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29
Q

Each papilla contains multiple taste buds: ________________

A

3000-6000 taste buds

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30
Q

Taste buds are filled with ___________________ - the cells that do the tasting. The tip of each gustatory cell protrudes through a pore on the surface of the tongue

A

gustatory cells (50-100 gustatory cells in each taste bud)

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31
Q

_________ carry signals from the gustatory cells to the brain

A

Nerves

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32
Q

Total taste cells = ____________________

A

150,000 to 600,000

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33
Q

The tip of each gustatory cell is covered with an assortment of __________________, which can detect a wide variety of compounds. Stimulation of any of these receptors will send a signal to the brain: bitter!

A

bitter taste receptors

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34
Q

T or F: circumvallate papillae have the highest number of taste buds

A

T

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35
Q

T or F: with age, the taste sensation decreases

A

T

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36
Q

The tongue is an organ that contains 4 types of papillae:

A

-circumvallate
-fungiform
-foliate
(they contain taste buds)
-filiform (can only detect the texture of food)

37
Q

Circumvallate papillae contains ___________________

A

mucus-secreting glands

38
Q

type 1 taste cells:

A

supporting cells

39
Q

type 2 taste cells:

A

receptors for sweet, salty, bitter, umami

40
Q

type 3 taste cells:

A

receptors for sour compounds

41
Q

type 4 taste cells:

A

stem cells to regenerate new taste cells every 2 weeks

42
Q

What is the name of the nerve that inervates all the taste buds and sends electrical messages to the brain

A

Chorda tympani nerve

43
Q

The relative density of taste buds is not constant with ____; in children they are more concentrated on the tip of the tongue although they cover most of the surface; in adult there are fewer at the tip and almost none the anterior two thirds of the tongue surface

A

age

44
Q

Food may continue to evoke some taste sensations even as it passes down the throat, since there are taste buds on the _____________, mucosa of the ___________ and the ____________. In addition, there are taste buds on the soft palate, on the mucosa of the lips and cheeks and sometimes on the floor of the mouth and even on the _______________. The movement of the tongue helps distribute taste substances to these sites. Each taste bud may contain _______ taste cells

A 
epiglottis
pharynx
larynx
gastrointestinal tract
50-100
45
Q

Each taste bud lies beneath a ____________ on the surface of the tongue

A

pore opening

46
Q

Many taste cells have _______________ projections (microvilli) that extend into the pit of the pore. These may bear receptor sites that interact with taste substances.

A

finger-like

47
Q

Unlike olfactory receptors, taste receptors do not supply their own _______ to link them to the brain. Instead, ____________ grow out from the brain to the taste cells where they end in folds of the taste cell membranes. This leaves a gap or synapse across which taste information must pass. Each taste cell receives more than one ______ and each nerve innervates more than on taste cell.

A

nerves
cranial nerves
nerve

48
Q

In ________ fifth basic taste discovered: savoriness described as umami which is conferred by glutamate

A

1908

49
Q

___________ geneticists confirm findings about sensitivity to bitter tasting PTC and discover non-tasting is a recessive genetic trait.

A

1931-1932

50
Q

T or F: Bitter taste sensitivity found to vary among humans

A

T

51
Q

PTC:

A

phenylthiocarbamide

52
Q

Specialist taste bud cells (3) TYPE 2:

A
  • sweet
  • salty
  • bitter
53
Q

Generalist taste bud cells (1) TYPE 3:

A

-sour

54
Q

T or F: Type 2 and type 3 taste cells are the ones that are active in signal transduction of aroma chemicals

A

T

55
Q

Only __ % of odorant molecules will reach the olfactory neuron

A

3

56
Q

__________________ of the nasal cavity is responsible for detecting volatile stimuli that are present in the air or emanates from the food in the mouth.

A

Olfactory epithelium

57
Q

Odorous compounds reach the receptors by 2 ways; one by the the nasal (__________) route and the second by the mouth (_______________) when the food is chewed

A

ortho-nasal

retro-nasal

58
Q

___________________ on the other end are neurons and situated in the upper part of the nasal cavity and their receptors perform a similar function to that of taste cells through their own nerve fibers that transmit neural impulses from receptors directly to the ____________ in the brain

A

olfactory cells

olfactory bulb

59
Q

Latest research shows that a complex protein produced in the olfactory mucosa acts as chemical messenger that carries lipophilic volatile compounds in the olfactory epithelium:

A

OBP (odorant binding protein)

60
Q

When air is inhaled, the OBP is sprayed as a fine mist into the air that flows into the nose, OBP binds with the molecules in the air and carries them to the __________, the OBP-odor complex then binds to the receptor sites and elicits a response.

A

olfactory epithelium

61
Q

Hydrophilic odorants can reach the olfactory epithelium by ___________, since mucous membrane is mainly aqueous.

A

free diffusion

62
Q

The adult human possesses _______ smell-sensing cells or neurons. Neurons can have more than one receptor. It is estimated that there are around _______ different types of receptors capable of recognizing ___________ distinct odors

A

5-19 million
391
10,000

63
Q

T or F: The nose detects trace contaminants in the odorants at concentrations several powers of ten below the sensitivity of GC detectors

A

T

64
Q

Humans possess _____ glomeruli and ____ receptor types

A

391

65
Q

__________ of each type terminate in one glomerulus

A

50,000

66
Q

All axons of the _________ receptors of one type terminate in one corresponding glomerulus. With about 391 receptor types

A

50,000

67
Q

G-proteins =

A

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins family of proteins involved in transmitting signals from outside of the cell to the interior

68
Q

The membranes of these cilia contain the olfactory receptors which are:

A

seven transmembrane (7TM) proteins

69
Q

seven transmembrane proteins means that they possess seven _________________ that span the cell membrane to form a tunnel-like cavity in which the odorants are bound as _________________ association complexes. This process can be described as a 1:1 equilibrium, for which attractive and repulsive ______________, _____________ and the steric stress of the protein as well of the odorant in the bound state are responsible

A

helical domains
non-covalent
Van der Waals interactions
hydrogen bonds

70
Q

T or F: cAMP is considered a second messenger

A

T

71
Q

Coupled with the receptor protein is a G protein, abbreviation for _____________________ which consists of 3 subunits _______________________

A
  • guanine nucleotide-binding protein

- alpha, beta, gamma

72
Q

Binding of an odorant to the receptor causes the ____________ of the G protein to dissociate and to activate adenyl cyclase, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP and pyrophosphatase.

A

alpha subunit

73
Q

As a second messenger, cAMP binds to ion channels and __________

A

open them

74
Q

Na and Ca ions enter the cell, and the negative membrane potential (ca. -70mV at rest) is ______________ and a signal is released along the axon of the olfactory neuron into the respective ________________ in the olfactory bulb in the brain.

A

decreased

glomerulus

75
Q

Above a certain threshold (-50 mV) the receptor releases the ________ again and returns to the ____________ state

A

odorant

unbound

76
Q

T or F: Generally, one odorant almost never activates only one receptor, but rather a set of odorant receptors and to a different degree as well

A

T

77
Q

T or F: All axons of the 50,000 receptors of one type terminate in one corresponding glomerulus

A

T

78
Q

With about 391 receptor types, humans have the same quantity of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, the activation pattern of which is interpreted by the brain as an _________________

A

olfactory impression

79
Q

How many potential combinations or odor impressions are possible:

A

5 x 10 ^117

80
Q

1 aroma chemical can interact with _______ receptor

A

more than one

81
Q

S-celery ketone elicits the _________ flavor

A

licorice (45ng/L)

82
Q

R-celery ketone elicits the ____________ flavor

A

celery (9.1ng/L)

83
Q

___________________ code of olfaction

A

Combinatorial

84
Q

Lower threshold value = ___________ taste

A

stronger

85
Q

Theories of olfaction (2):

A
  • molecular shape

- molecular vibration

86
Q

Infrared measures molecular vibrations of _____________

A

different bonds

87
Q

Turin has proposed that when the olfactory receptor protein binds an odorant, __________________ can occur across the binding site if the vibrational mode equals the energy gap between __________________ electron levels. The electron tunneling then activates a G-protein cascade. Receptors are therefore tuned to the vibrational frequency of particular odorants, rather like cones are tuned to particular wavelengths of light.

A

electron tunneling

filled and empty

88
Q

We don’t taste with our mouths or our noses: we taste with our ______

A

brain

89
Q

SARS-CoV-2 binds to cell surface __________

A

ACE2

Flavor chem (9 decks)

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