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PMOC > unit 1A > Flashcards

unit 1A Flashcards

1
Q

The oldest records of the use of therapeutic nants and minerals are derived from the ancient
civilizations of the

A

Chinese, Hindus, Mayans of Central America, and Mediterranean people of antiquity

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2
Q

a book describing drugs,
chemicals, and medicinal preparations
especially: one issued by an otticially recognized authority and serving as a standard.

A

Pharmacopeia

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3
Q

compiled a book about herbs, which includes ch’ang shang, an antimalarial alkaloid, and ma huang, (treatment of hypotension) from which ephedrine was isolated.

A

Scholar Emperor Shen Nung (2735 BC)

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4
Q

an antimalarial alkaloid

A

ch’ang shang

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5
Q

ephedrine was isolated from this plant

A

ma huang (treatment for hypotension)

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6
Q

was known to the indigenous American Indians for a treatment to various skin problems such as psoriasis and eczema

A

Chaulmoogra fruit

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7
Q

contains emetine and was used in Brazil for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea.

A

Ipecacuanha root

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8
Q

a class of medications used to induce nausea and vomiting for the emergency treatment of poisoning with certain toxins that have been swallowed.

A

emetic agents

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9
Q

The early explorers found that the South American Indians also chewed these and used as hallucinogens.

A

coca leaves (containing cocaine)
mushrooms (containing tryptamine)

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10
Q

herbs found in ancient Greek apothecary shops

A

opium (non synthetic narcotic)
squill (expectorant)
hyoscyamus (treats pain and a local anesthetic)
viper toxin

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11
Q

metallic drugs found in ancient Greek apothecary shops

A

copper
zinc ores
iron sulfate
cadmium oxide

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12
Q

the first father of Toxicology (1493– 1541) who used Antimony as a purgative and gained much popularity after it was used to cure Louis XIV.

A

Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim)

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13
Q

It is also used to treat people infected with certain types of parasites; such as people who have schistosomiasis.

A

Antimony

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14
Q

they refined and extended the techniques of chemical analysis. The emphasis was shifted from finding new medicaments from the vast world of plants to finding the active ingredients that accounted for their pharmacologic properties.

A

European chemists

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15
Q

German chemist synthesized acetic acid in 1845.

A

Hermann Kolbe

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16
Q

French chemist synthesized methane in 1856.

A

Pierre-Eugène-Marcellin Berthelot

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17
Q

He isolated morphine in 1803.

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner

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18
Q

He isolated emetine in 1816.

Also had significant contributions in purification of caffeine (CNS Stimulant), quinine (anti- malarial), and colchicine (anti-gout) in 1820.

A

Pierre-Joseph Pelletier

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19
Q

the English physician and botanist who used digitalis for the treatment of dropsy.

A

William Withering

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20
Q

German chemist, isolated cocaine in 1860 and the active ingredient, physostigmine (treatment of Glaucoma and antidote for atropine poisoning), from the calabar bean in 1864.

A

Albert Niemann

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21
Q

Domagk reported that this red dyestuff (2,4- diaminoazobenzene-4′-sulfonamide) dramatically cured dangerous, systemic Gram- positive bacterial infections in man and animals.

A

Prontosil

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22
Q

the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.

A

Prontosil

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23
Q

in 1940, they observed that the bacteriostatic action of sulfonamide-like drugs was antagonized by PABA (Para-aminobenzoic Acid)

A

Woods and Fildes

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24
Q

β-lactam antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 and its subsequent examination by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain in 1938.

A

Penicillin

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25
Q

When did Florey’s team successfully cured infected mice with penicillin?

A

May 25, 1940

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26
Q

What is Penicillin known as for curing infectious disease and saving millions of lives?

A

War’s “Miracle Drug”

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27
Q

When were Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, Sir Howard Florey awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.”?

A

1945

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28
Q

were used to modify the mood and mental states of psychiatric patients.

A

Stimulants and Depressants

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29
Q

were used to stimulate or depress the mental states of patients.

A

Amphetamine
Sedatives
Hypnotics

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30
Q

The synthesis of ____ by Charpentier ultimately caused a revolution in the treatment of schizophrenia.

A

chlorpromazine (CPZ)

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31
Q

Where did Charpentier first synthesized the molecule in 1950?

A

Rhone-Poulenc’s research laboratory

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32
Q

He reported distinctive effects on animal behavior

A

Simon Courvoisier

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33
Q

a French military surgeon who first noticed distinctive psychotropic effects in man

A

Henri Laborit

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34
Q

French psychiatrists who clearly outlined what has now become CPZ’s accepted use in psychiatry and without whose endorsement and prestige, Rhone-Poulenc might never have developed it further as an antipsychotic.

They introduced chlorpromazine to the world

A

Pierre Deniker and Jean Delay

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35
Q

Chlorpromazine became available as ___

A

Largactil

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36
Q

The first pure hormone to be isolated from an endocrine gland

A

Epinephrine

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37
Q

In 1914, this biochemist isolated thyroxine (T4) from the thyroid gland.

He subsequently won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for his discovery of the activity of cortisone.

A

Edward Kendall

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38
Q

A major achievement in drug discovery and development in 1921 from animal sources.

A

discovery of insulin

39
Q

a hormone created by your pancreas, it regulates your body’s metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

A

Insulin

40
Q

By 1922, researchers, with the help of this Canadian biochemist and the pharmaceutical industry, were able to purify and produce animal-based insulin in large quantities.

A

James B. Collip

41
Q

In the early 1930s, he found that for hundreds of years, Mexican women had been eating wild yams of the Dioscorea genus for contraception.

A

Russell Marker

42
Q

Marker determined that it is abundant in yams and has a structure similar to that of progesterone.

A

diosgenin

43
Q

In 1950, this chemist working at the Syntex Laboratories in Mexico City, synthesized norethindrone, the first orally active contraceptive steroid, by a subtle modification of the structure of progesterone.

A

Carl Djerassi

44
Q

the first orally active contraceptive steroid, by a subtle modification of the structure of progesterone.

A

norethindrone

45
Q

The first use of synthetic organic chemicals for the modulation of life processes occurred when these were introduced in anesthesia during the 1840s.

A

nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform

46
Q

a dentist in Hartford, Connecticut, administered nitrous oxide during a tooth extraction.

A

Horace Wells

47
Q

A Georgia physician who employed ether as an anesthetic for excising a growth on a patient’s neck.

A

Crawford Long

48
Q

A dentist who gave the first successful public demonstration of surgical anesthesia on October 16, 1846, at the surgical amphitheater that is now called the Ether Dome at. Massachusetts General Hospital.

A

William Morton

49
Q

When did Paracelsus (1493– 1541) popularize the use of opium in Europe?

A

In the sixteenth century

50
Q

An alcoholic solution of opium in the sixteenth century.

A

laudanum

51
Q

It was first isolated in pure crystalline form from opium in 1803 by the German apothecary Friedrich W. Sertürner, who named the compound “morphium,” after Morpheus, the Greek God of Dreams.

A

Morphine

52
Q

Friedrich W. Sertürner named the compound after Morpheus, the Greek God of Dreams.

A

morphium

53
Q

Since antiquity, alcoholic beverages and potions containing laudanum, an alcoholic extract of opium, and various other plant products have been used to __?

A

induce sleep

54
Q

were used in the middle of the nineteenth century as a sedative-hypnotic, as was chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, urethane, and sulfenal.

A

Bromides

55
Q

It was synthesized by the Bayer Pharmaceutical Company and introduced to the market under the name Luminal.

The compound was effective as a hypnotic, but it also exhibited anticonvulsant properties.

A

Phenobarbital

56
Q

Modification of the barbituric acid molecule also led to the development of the ___.

A

hydantoins

57
Q

It is also known as diphenylhydantoin or Dilantin, and was first synthesized in 1908, but its anticonvulsant properties were not discovered until 1938.

A

Phenytoin

58
Q

Because it was not a sedative at ordinary doses, it established that anti-seizure drugs need not induce drowsiness.

A

Phenytoin

59
Q

It was attributed to William Withering, who in 1775 discovered that the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea, was beneficial to those suffering from abnormal fluid buildup.

A

Digoxin

60
Q

The active principles of digitalis were isolated in 1841 by _____. These active principles consisted mainly of digitoxin.

A

E. Humolle and T. Quevenne in Paris

61
Q

Cholesterol-lowering drugs, one of the cornerstones in the prevention of both primary and secondary heart diseases.

A

Statins

62
Q

The discovery of the statins can be credited to this research scientist at Sankyo Pharmaceuticals in Japan.

A

Akira Endo

63
Q

It was really the first effective leukemia drug and was developed by George Hitchings and his technician, Gertrude Elion, who later on shared the Nobel Prize in 1988.

A

6-Mercaptopurine

64
Q

He discovered cisplatin as a cancer treatment.

A

Barnett Rosenberg, PhD. (1965)

65
Q

It is now the gold standard against which new medicines are compared.

A

Cisplatin

66
Q

second generation compounds which has less toxicity and fewer side effects.

A

Carboplatin

67
Q

The third compound in this class of anticancer agents which was discovered in 1963 by Monroe E. Wall and Masukh C. Wani.

A

Paclitaxel sold under the brand name of Taxol

68
Q

Discovered Paclitaxel (Taxol) in 1963

A

Monroe E. Wall and Masukh C. Wani

69
Q

Taxol was isolated from extracts of the bark of this tree.

A

Pacific Yew Tree (Taxus brevifolia)

70
Q

plant origin of opium

A

Poppy (Papaver somniferum)

71
Q

acute gouty arthritis

A

colchicine

72
Q

chronic gouty arthritis

A

allopurinol

73
Q

Malaria parasite

A

Plasmodium falciparum

74
Q

to pause bacteria

A

bacteriostatic

75
Q

to kill bacteria

A

bactericidal

76
Q

it thickens the mucous lining to prevent the entry of sperm

A

progesterone

77
Q

100mL alcohol : __g of opium

A

10

78
Q

used in treatment of seizures and epilepsy

A

Anticonvulsant

79
Q

It is used as anesthetic before but not anymore due to its toxicity to liver

A

Chloroform

80
Q

antitubercular drug

A

iproniazid

81
Q

first generation tricyclic depressant

A

imipramine

82
Q

monoamone oxidase inhibitor

A

phenelzine

83
Q

sympathomimetic amines

A

norepinephrine
dopamine

84
Q

it is important in body metabolism

A

t4 (thyroxine)

85
Q

low t4 -> higher build up of cholesterol
T OR F

A

TRUE

86
Q

hormone made by the kidneys

A

Renin

87
Q

good cholesterol

A

High Density Lipoprotein

88
Q

bad cholesterol

A

Low Density Lipoprotein

89
Q

High levels of this cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke

A

HDL

90
Q

High levels of this cholesterol can raise your risk for heart disease and stroke

A

LDL

91
Q

Buildup caused by LDL cholesterol

A

Plaque

92
Q

used in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, pharmacotherapy of congestive heart failures, arrythmia, and hypercholesteremia.

A

Diuretics
Vasopressin
Renin
Angiotensin

93
Q

it is the active form of t4 (thyroxine)

A

t3 (triiodothyronine)

PMOC (3 decks)

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