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Biology > Unit 16 - Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit 16 - Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Label the following diagram of the male reproductive system

A
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2
Q

State 2 functions of the testes

A
  • They produce hormones
  • They produce sperm
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3
Q

State 2 functions of the penis

A
  • Can become firm, to insert into the vagina of the female during sexual intercourse in order to transfer sperm
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4
Q

State 2 functions of the male urethra

A
  • It allows urine to exit the body from the bladder
  • It is used during ejaculation to release semen
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5
Q

State the function of the scrotum

A

A sac that holds the testes outside the body, keeping them cooler than body temperature

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6
Q

State the function of the sperm duct

A

Muscluar tube that links the testis to the urethra to allow the passage of semen containing sperm

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7
Q

State the function of the prostate gland

A

It produces prostate fluid which combines with sperm cells to make semen

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8
Q

Label the following diagram of the female reproductive system

A
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9
Q

State 2 functions of the ovaries

A
  • They produce eggs
  • They produce hormones
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10
Q

State 2 functions of the vagina

A
  • To receive the penis during intercourse
  • It is used as the birth canal during childbirth
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11
Q

State the function of the oviduct

A
  • Carries an ovum to the uterus, with propulsion provided by tiny cilia in the wall
  • It is also the site of fertilisation
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12
Q

State 2 functions of the cervix

A
  • A ring of muscle, seperating the vagina from the uterus
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13
Q

Define fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete with the nucleus of a female gamete

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14
Q

Compare sperm and egg cells in terms of size

A

Sperm cells are significantly smaller than egg cells

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15
Q

Compare sperm and egg cells in terms of structure and shape

A

Sperm cells are long and thin with a head and tail whereas egg cells are large and in the shape of a sphere or ovoid

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16
Q

Compare sperm and egg cells in terms of their ability to move

A
  • Sperm cells have large energy stores and a long tail to help them to move quickly
  • Egg cells do not have this and so are relatively non-motile
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17
Q

Compare sperm and egg cells in terms of the number of each cell

A

There are many more sperm cells than egg cells (up to 100 million sperm per millilitre of ejaculate)

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18
Q

State 2 adaptive features of sperm cells

A
  • Long flagellum
  • Contain enzymes
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19
Q

Explain 3 adaptive features of sperm cells

A
  • Lots of mitochondria in the middle section provide energy for movement
  • Enzymes in the acrosome break down the outer membrane of the egg
  • Long whip-like flagellum used for movement
20
Q

State 2 adaptive features of egg cells

A
  • Large energy stores
  • Jelly-like coat
21
Q

Explain the 2 adaptive features of egg cells

A
  • Large energy stores allow for lots of cell divisions and growth
  • Jelly-like coat ensures that only one sperm can fertilise the egg as it changes after fertilisation
22
Q

Briefly describe the early development of an embryo

A
  • After fertilisation a zygote is formed
  • The zygote implants in the uterus wall and becomes an embryo
23
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A
  • It delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients to the developing foetus
  • It removes deoxygenated blood and waste products from the developing foetus
24
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A
  • To allow the removal of waste gases and excretory products from the foetus
  • To act as a barrier for toxins and pathogens
  • To provide the foetus with dissolved nutrients
25
Q

What is the function of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid?

A

They help to protect the developing foetus

26
Q

Describe the growth of the foetus over time

A
  • The foetus begins by developing and becoming more complex
  • In the later stages of pregnancy, the foetus increases in size
27
Q

How can certain toxins and pathogens be harmful to the developing foetus?

A

The toxins and pathogens can pass across the placenta and can damage the foetus

28
Q

Name one toxin that can affect a developing foetus

A

Nicotine found in cigarette smoke

29
Q

Name one pathogen that can affect a developing foetus

A

The rubella virus

30
Q

Describe how women should control their diet during pregnancy

A
  • Avoid smoking or drinking as this can damage the foetus
  • Make sure to have a balanced diet with a focus on nutrients like iron for the development of blood and calcium for the development of bones
31
Q

State one advantage of breastfeeding over bottle feeding using formula milk

A

Breastfeeding provides the child with important antibodies from the mother which provides protection against disease

32
Q

State one disadvantage of breastfeeding over bottle feeding using formula milk

A

Breastfeeding may be painful for the mother

33
Q

State one advantage of bottle feeding using formula milk over breastfeeding

A

The mother does not need to control her diet to provide the correct nutrients to her baby

34
Q

State one disadvantage of bottle feeding using formula milk over breastfeeding

A

Bottle feeding can be an extra expense for parents

35
Q

State the 6 main stages of labour and birth

A
  • The amniotic sac breaks (water breaking)
  • The muscles in the wall of the uterus contract
  • Widening of the cervix opening (dillation)
  • Passage of the baby through the vagina
  • Tying and cutting the umbilical cord
  • Delivery of the afterbirth
36
Q

What role does testosterone play during puberty?

A
  • Triggers growth and development of the penis and testes
  • Causes the voice to deepen
  • Triggers the growth of pubic hair
  • Increases muscle mass
37
Q

What role does oestrogen play during puberty?

A
  • Increases breast size
  • Triggers the development of the uterus
  • It causes eggs to mature during the menstrual cycle
38
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted from?

A

The ovaries

39
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

The ovaries

40
Q

What happens on day 1-4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining is shed during menstruation

41
Q

What happens on day 4-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining then begins to grow again in preparation to receive an egg

42
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg is released

43
Q

What happens on day 14-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus is maintained

44
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

FSH stimulates the follicle to mature and release oestrogen

45
Q

What does luteinising hormone (LH) do?

A

A surge in LH causes the release of an egg from a follicle (ovulation)

46
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Progesterone maintains the womb lining

47
Q

What hormone does progesterone inhibit?

A

Progesterone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Biology (7 decks)

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